Encyclopedia of Islam

Safavid and Ottoman Turkish empires and was often controlled by local clients of these powers. Although Najaf and Karbala prospe ...

conflict in terms of loss of life and economic damage for both countries. Iraq then invaded Kuwait in 1990 because of a dispute ...

World: The Rise and Fall of Islam’s Greatest Dynasty (Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press, 2005); Kanan Makiya, Republic of Fear: Th ...

primarily in the contexts of religious law, the sharia, which sought to encompass all facets of life in the Muslim community. Th ...

Different understandings of Islam arose during the 18th and 19th centuries as Western scholars began to study the Middle East us ...

political ideologies, some Western scholars and many journalists have portrayed Islam as a threat to the West, often equating it ...

other institutions belong to ISNA, varying in size, membership, ethnicity, and styles of leadership. Despite this diversity, con ...

complete prohibition of sex outside marriage, and the banning of alcohol, prostitution, gambling, and virtually all forms of Wes ...

of “hidden Imams.” Abd Allah proclaimed that he was the Mahdi in 899 and later established the Fatimid dynasty, which ruled from ...

of the two groups, are led by the aga khan, a descendant of the Nizari caliph-imams, whom they call “the Imam of the Age” (Imam- ...

there is no Palestinian representation from the occupied territories. Israel’s population is estimated to be 7.1 mil- lion, incl ...

and Muslim stories about the biblical prophets attempted to identify sacred events with spe- cific locations in Palestine. Sever ...

known as Zionism, which aspired to establish a homeland for diaspora Jews in Palestine. It was based partly on the nationalist m ...

United States became Israel’s greatest ally dur- ing this time, providing it with large amounts of foreign aid and weaponry as w ...

330 c.e., when it was renamed Constantinople. The city remained the capital of the ensuing Byz- antine Empire and the center of ...

Further reading: Zeynep Celik, The Remaking of Istan- bul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Cen- tury (Berkeley: Un ...

386 J:AF Jaafar al-Sadiq (ca. 699–765) early Shii scholar recognized as the sixth Imam by Ismaili and Twelve-Imam Shiis Abu Abd ...

School of the Shia. In addition to law, he was also embraced as an authority in the fields of theology, Arabic grammar, alchemy, ...

played a leading role in Egypt’s mUslim brother- hood, adapted Ibn Taymiyya’s ideas and viewed all modern secular governments (a ...

isms Observed, edited by Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, 457–531 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Kalim Bahad ...