Encyclopedia of Islam

self-employed in traditional professions. Muslims are underrepresented in salaried professions and high-tech industries. Muslims ...

eastern Islamicate lands) in honor of their saints (pirs) can attract hundreds of thousands from across a wide spectrum of relig ...

Although the Arabs may have maritime con- nections with India prior to the appearance of Islam, the first recorded contact betwe ...

destroying many of its grandest cities. This made India a new center for Islamic learning and the pursuit of Sufism. It was at t ...

of Muslims—Bengal, the Punjab, Kashmir, and Malabar—were those that were most distant from the political centers of the Mughal e ...

Indians for employment in the civil service and to serve as a new native elite to help the British rule the land. Company offici ...

torates for Muslims. AIML and INC also agreed to support the British in World War I; more than 1 million Indians served in the B ...

1938), a leading Indian intellectual, past presi- dent of AIML, and close associate of Jinnah. In the election’s aftermath, Jinn ...

and, above all, the sport of cricket. The rise of religious radicalism among Hindu and Muslim militants has torn at the fabric o ...

several unifying principles. The state philosophy of Pancasila (Sanskrit: five principles) promotes the idea of finding unity in ...

saint (wali) and ruler of a small province of the Majapahit kingdom, formed the Walisongo (or Wali Sanga), a council composed of ...

except those specifically named in the Quran. Less clear is whether prior to JUdgment day, prayer on another’s behalf will have ...

served for three years (1926–29). A close ally of mUhammad ali Jinnah (d. 1948), he became presi- dent of the all-india mUslim l ...

and Russia competed for influence in Iran, thus exposing it to increased Western influence. The constitUtional revolUtion of 190 ...

republic. The constitution of the Islamic Repub- lic of Iran, adopted in 1979, is organized on the basis of Islamic law (sharia) ...

Iranian Revolution of 1978–1979 The overthrow of the shah of iran, moham- mad reza pahlavi (1919–80), in 1979 by popu- list forc ...

declarations issued from his exile in iraq argued that the marjaa was not only the chief religious authority, but also the ideal ...

Further reading: Hamid Algar, trans., Islam and Revo- lution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini (Berkeley, Calif.: Miza ...

domestication of plants and animals occurred and cities with monumental architectUre and writing were constructed. The ancient c ...

evolved rapidly into major new towns: Basra, Kufa, and Wasit. They were bolstered by an indig- enous Arab population (mostly Chr ...