Encyclopedia of Islam

They also contain hymns of praise and thanksgiv- ing. Hallowed written texts are complimented by a body of sacred oral texts in ...

(Q 7:159; compare 28:52–54), which was under- stood by Muslim commentators to be a reference to Jews who had accepted Muhammad’s ...

the east. The key symbol for Jewish religious life was the dual Torah of Moses, oral and written, which gave meaning to their li ...

oped a special relationship with Ottoman Jewish communities. Former dhimmis became agents who worked for the European colonial g ...

(for example, Obad. 15; Amos 5:18–20; Zeph. 1:14–18). Isaiah uses the phrase “on that day” in referring to God’s judgment (24:21 ...

T. O’Shaughnessy, Muhammad’s Thoughts on Death: A Thematic Study of the Quranic Data (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1969); Jane I. Smith a ...

justice (Arabic: adl, qist, haqq, sidq, ihsan) Justice is a fundamental principle concerned with the fair allocation of rewards ...

ing the treatment of orphans and the plight of the poor. The Quran clearly evidences the urgency of addressing issues that fall ...

“just witness,” trumping the judicial system as such. In other words, the status and personal qualities of juridical actors is p ...

419 J:AF Kaaba The Kaaba, also known as “the sacred house” (Q 5:2, 97) is the most holy place in Islam. A large cube-shaped buil ...

expelled from paradise, in order to perform the first pilgrimage rites. Other accounts credit Adam with being the first to actua ...

ing defensive or offensive action (Jihad) against them as enemies. One of the earliest quranic statements on this subject is fou ...

beliefs and practices of the umma. Even though condemned in the hadith, kafir became a polemi- cal term used more by Muslim elit ...

is the death and burial site of the third Imam, hUsayn ibn ali, grandson of the prophet Muham- mad by his daughter, Fatima (know ...

displaying a representation of it), carrying such traditional items as mock coffins, poles topped by the five-fingered hand (rep ...

independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, President Karimov declared himself victor in the state’s first presidential election ...

of folk, Hindu, and Buddhist elements. Kashmir’s ethnic composition is diverse, consisting mainly of Turks, Mongols, Afghans, an ...

of the government. At the time of partition Kash- miris were divided about what to do with their country. Some wanted to be join ...

mad, well-known for his trustworthiness, to trade goods for her in Basra. It is reported that she sent Nafisa bint Umayya to pro ...

The Dutch scholar A. J. Wensinck proposed that elements in his story were related to the Epic of Gilgamesh of ancient Mesopotami ...