Encyclopedia of Islam

group, including several subgroups under differ- ent leadership. Since the establishment of these Muslim states, the JUI has bee ...

See also christianity and islam; conversion; eUrope; ottoman dynasty; slavery; tanzimat. Mark Soileau Further reading: Geoffrey ...

Ophel (Mount Zion), protected on three sides by the Central Valley and the Kidron Valley, which met at its southern tip. During ...

the Middle East in the fourth century b.c.e., Jeru- salem fell into the hands of his general Seleucus I Nicator (r. 312–281 b.c. ...

with the True Cross in 629. Jews were accused of conspiring with the Persians and implicated in the killing of Christians and de ...

over, in contrast to Cairo, Mecca, Damascus, and Baghdad, it lacked significant centers of learning and famous scholars. Eventua ...

quarters), and other Christians (Greeks, Latins, and Copts) before the end of the 18th century. By 1850, Jerusalem had an estima ...

of Mary” (for example, Q 3:45), Muslims believe that Jesus was born of a virgin named mary and that he taught the true religion ...

9:81–82, 48:16). Other quranic verses deal with exemption from military service (Q 9:91, 48:17), fighting during the holy months ...

Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History (The Hague: Mouton, 1979); Rudolph Peters, Jihad in Classical and ...

movements; shamil; terrorism; Wahhabism; West aFrica. Caleb Elfenbein Further reading: Fawaz A. Gerges, Journey of the Jihad- is ...

even if it was secular and democratic in outlook. It was in this context that the all-india mUslim leagUe (AIML) was formed in 1 ...

See also colonialism; democracy; hindUism and islam; ismaili shiism; politics and islam; secUlarism. Further reading: Akbar S. A ...

c.e.), and so there has been great confusion as to what kinds of jizya were paid by non-Muslims in the earliest period. Because ...

Phrases such as Baptist and Baptizer are not used in reference to him in the qUran. Rather, as has been and continues to be a co ...

million people (2008 estimate) and few natural resources of its own, Jordan sits at the center of a part of the Middle East that ...

the Ottomans began enforcing a more central- ized taxing system and curbed the power of the tribes, first by military campaigns ...

is estimated that from 60 percent to 80 percent of the Jordanian population is of Palestinian origin. The current reigning queen ...

of undocumented Iraqi war refugees put even the best estimates in doubt. Yet despite these anomalies, the life expectancy of the ...

ment as they gazed at him. Some Muslims believe that this proverbial beauty is one of the rewards of heaven, where all men are a ...