Encyclopedia of Islam

Ibn Battuta, Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Lawati (1304–1377) famous Muslim world traveler from Morocco Ibn Battuta was arguably one ...

ties such as aisha and Hafsa (two of Muhammad’s wives). Ibn Hanbal has also been credited for having written on theological, leg ...

cutting criticisms against shiism and other Islamic sects and theological schools. Scholars credit Ibn Hazm with being informed ...

tive in southern iraq. His father and uncle were known as early collectors of Islamic oral tradi- tion. As an adult, Ibn Ishaq l ...

the Umayyad and abbasid caliphates, an account of the Mongol invasions, and a history of Damascus. Ibn Kathir became blind at th ...

brilliant understanding of society and religion. It is divided into a preface and six substantive chapters. The chapters address ...

to the circle produced by the alif. The proportions held regardless of letter size, which resulted from the actual size of the n ...

was later transferred to Cordoba, his hometown, for burial. Ibn Rushd is estimated to have written more than 100 books and treat ...

Aside from his sons, he had few followers until the modern period. In the 20th century, Arabic publishers in Beirut and Cairo is ...

mind and body. He argued that all human souls were immortal and thus not subject to a bodily resurrection. In his discussion of ...

worship. He is reported to have been a member of the Qadiri Order of Sufis. Ibn Taymiyya also opposed traditionalist approaches ...

Having raised the ire of the Almoravid govern- ment in Marrakesh, Ibn Tumart retreated to his own people, the Masmuda berbers of ...

Id al-Adha (Arabic: Feast of Sacrifice) The most important yearly festival holiday of the Islamic calendar is Id al-Adha, or al- ...

it is comparable to the animal sacrifices performed for the Id al-Adha. It is supposed to earn forgive- ness for wrongs done dur ...

stand in canonical Islamic revelation absolutely deny both divine plurality and femininity as well as any powers of intercession ...

torah. This is an early Jewish reference to Enoch, who is mentioned in the Bible as a descendant of adam and an ancestor of Noah ...

Imam branch of Shiism rejected the idea of the infallibility of ijmaa. Instead, it was the 12th Imam alone who could guarantee i ...

could exercise ijtihad. The lower-ranking jurists were not qualified to use ijtihad; they were only to follow the traditional ru ...

group prayer gatherings is beginning to be chal- lenged by liberal Muslim organizations and com- munities, such as the Progressi ...

border, the Indus and Ganges River Plains, the Thar Desert in the west near the pakistan border, the Deccan Plateau that defines ...