Encyclopedia of Islam

from Islam to follow rival prophets. After success- fully prosecuting these wars, he authorized the sending of Muslim and arab t ...

Faced with death threats, forced separation from his wife, and the lack of support from Egyptian civil authorities, he and his w ...

Place of Adab in South Asian Islam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984). Adam and Eve ancestral parents of all human ...

a mosqUe. According to traditional accounts, it was first performed by bilal, one of Muhammad’s companions, after the hiJra to M ...

ment of 100 lashes for adulterers. Some hadith accounts go on to specify that this punishment is reserved for unmarried adultere ...

in Istanbul under the distrustful surveillance of the sultan. Al-Afghani’s influence was seminal to the development of Muslim na ...

in 1979–89, the country was torn by a lengthy civil war. Both of these conflicts contributed to the growth of heavily armed guer ...

defeat, but they ended up fighting against each other as well as other groups for control of the country. From bases in Pakistan ...

Pakistani Muslims moved to the United States, many members of the Ahmadiyya movement, who served to reassert its identity as an ...

A tradition of oral poetry also arose in Somalia, through which poets discussed themes ranging from moral lessons to failed roma ...

Muslims also believed that the dead remained conscious in the tomb and that their spirits could move about in the world. This wa ...

Further reading: Farhad Daftary, A Short History of the Ismailis (Princeton, N.J.: Marcus Wiener Publishers, 1998); Willi Frisch ...

gious law. The qUran mentions that God is the source of water for plants that yield foods such as dates, grapes, olives, and pom ...

Further reading: Richard C. Foltz, Frederick M. Denny, and Azizan Baharudding, eds., Islam and Ecology (Cam- bridge, Mass.: Harv ...

be more than 10 million members worldwide, but this figure is disputed. Followers claim that their numbers are growing. Ahmadiyy ...

began to publish books on Delhi and Mughal his- tory, revealing that despite his inadequate school- ing, he had a gift for self- ...

illicit relations with the man. In response to this slander, the qUran defends Aisha’s innocence in Q 24:11–20. Muhammad died wh ...

Further reading: P. M. Currie, The Shrine and Cult of Muin Al-Din Chishti of Ajmer (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989); Carl ...

the Imams to make a ruling. The Akhbaris were therefore legal literalists who feared ijtihad would corrupt the authentic Islamic ...

E.J. Brill, 1997); Matti Moosa, Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1988); Tord Olss ...