Encyclopedia of Islam

for power, and imprisoning his father, he secured control in northern india and engaged in a series of ongoing military campaign ...

national census and today includes some esti- mated 315,000 residents. It constitutes about 1.5 percent of Australia’s 21 millio ...

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apply both to secular and religious social institu- tions, and they help us to understand the complex networks of authority that ...

authority over rulers by either upholding or con- testing their legitimacy. Only in the 20th century did the ulama ever act to o ...

See also abbasid caliphate; ahl al-bayt; allah; caliph; imam; shiism. Further reading: Arthur F. Buehler, Sufi Heirs of the Prop ...

regarded as a landmark in the history of modern Arabic literature. Another impact of modernity has been the publication of women ...

deshis are Bengalis who happen to be Muslims,” while its rival, the BNP (created in 1978), consid- ers “Bangladeshis to be Musli ...

ayatollah (Arabic: sign of God) Ayatollah is a title bestowed on the most highly esteemed religious scholars in tWelve-imam shi- ...

100,000 people displaced from their homes. In both 1992 and 2002, the victims were overwhelm- ingly Muslim, making the identity ...

Scholars at al-Azhar taught the Islamic precepts of qUran, hadith, and law (fiqh) but also such fields as philosophy and science ...

81 J:AF Baath Party The Baath Party has been the ruling political party in syria since 1963, and it was the party that governed ...

forces to coerce and brutalize their real or imag- ined opponents and to monopolize power in their respective countries. This le ...

constitUtional revolUtion of 1906. A very small number of Babis survive today in the Central Asian republic of Uzbekistan. See a ...

the site of Babylon and other ancient cities. It has a population of approximately 5 million people in a country composed of 28 ...

1980); Kanan Makiya [Samir al-Khalil], The Monument: Art, Vulgarity and Responsibility in Iraq (Berkeley: Uni- versity of Califo ...

From Messianic Shiism to a World Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Bahrain See gulf states. Bamba, Ahmadu ...

eastern Bengal, people lived mostly in small hunt- ing and gathering communities and adhered to local tribal religions. In the w ...

wrongful practices and Hindu influences. They also were opposed to British rule. Even though they were short-lived, in the long ...

become the premier Islamist organization in the Muslim world. From the outset, al-Banna viewed the society as a broad-based move ...