Encyclopedia of Islam

Arabs are not necessarily Muslim, and indeed there are many Christian Arabs. Moreover, the majority of Muslims (about 80 percent ...

on the nature of ornament. The arabesque was understood to represent a paradigmatic way of life—simple and instinctual, close to ...

qUran, the sharia, and Sufi dervishes—that draw upon Islamic tradition. The stories are anonymous, and modern scholars agree tha ...

after the destruction of the Second Temple in JerUsalem by the Romans (70 c.e.), which caused a flow of reFUgees southward. Isla ...

K 54 Arabic language and literature ...

zation. Arabic even found its way into European languages, especially Spanish, which has as many as 4,000 words of Arabic origin ...

Arab-Israeli conflicts Among the most intractable conflicts to emerge in the 20th century are those that developed with the expa ...

Arab-Israeli Conflict (New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1995). Arab League (official name: League of Arab States) The Arab League ...

camp for the night after standing at Arafat and where they gather the pebbles that they will throw at three pillars in Mina on t ...

Just before his death from unknown causes, Israeli authorities allowed him to be flown to France for medical care, where he died ...

Western archaeologists have explored sites in the Arabian Peninsula and the Persian Gulf since the late 1800s, excavations in Me ...

between a house, a citadel, or a school and the label Islamic, and admit as Islamic only those buildings created to house religi ...

of governors of the Institute of Ismaili Studies in London, professor emeritus of the history of Islamic thought at the Sorbonne ...

territories. An inscription on a rock attributed to Persia’s King Darius refers to Armina, show- ing that Armenia was known to i ...

absorbs nutrients from the roots to produce a dif- ferent image in the branches and leaves, making the artist the intermediary b ...

the making of images. The infinite arabesqUe, with its floral, geometric, and calligraphic variet- ies, compensated for this lac ...

ascetic quality, because it obliges Muslims to ren- der some of their wealth (but not all of it) for the welfare of the communit ...

and method of rational argumentation. By the late 12th century, it had become the dominant Sunni theological tradition and was o ...

1979); Elizabeth Warnock Fernea, Guests of the Sheik (New York: Anchor Books, 1995); David Pinault, The Shiites: Ritual and Popu ...

World War I, Mustafa Kemal left Istanbul in 1919 to gather support for a resistance movement in Anatolia, eventually settling in ...