Encyclopedia of Islam

finding a way out of this corrupt world, which he considered to be a kind of death or prison, and returning to a mystical union ...

Hujwiri, The Kashf al-Mahjub: The Oldest Persian Trea- tise on Sufism. Translated by R. A. Nicholson (Delhi: Taj Company, 1997); ...

as God’s agents, can also bestow blessings, as abraham and moses do in the Quran. Like a kind of electricity, it was thought to ...

of what is now Afghanistan and Baluchistan, he set out for the Punjab, where the population was a mixture of Muslims, Hindus, an ...

economic concessions, Basmachi-style revolts had been quashed. See also bUkhara; tUrkey. David Reeves Further reading: Edward Al ...

they call tawil, which allows them to extract the Quran’s inward, symbolic meanings. In their debates over the Quran’s outward a ...

While a Muslim, Bawa Muhaiyaddeen tried to emphasize the universal quality of his message that transcended religious labels. He ...

to pay for the building, maintenance, and staff- ing of mosques, madrasas, qUran schools, Sufi hospices, hospitals, and public f ...

In the modern period, the traditional bazaars have adapted to the new global consumer econ- omy. Many have become centers of tou ...

the features of the landscape (rocks, trees, and springs) and religious shrines were the focal points of their religious activit ...

initiated in an elaborate ceremony by a spiritual guide called a baba (father), who continues to direct their spiritual progress ...

bidaa (Arabic: innovation) Bidaa is a term used by Muslim jurists and the legally minded to classify beliefs, activities, and in ...

Muslims around the world in oral traditions and in children’s literature about Muhammad’s com- panions. He is especially honored ...

reciters, jurists, judges, poets, rulers, bureaucrats, and physicians. In the 13th century, Ibn Khallikan (d. 1282) compiled the ...

Further reading: Carl Ernst, “Lives of Sufi Saints.” In Religions of India in Practice, edited by Donald S. Lopez, Jr., 495–512 ...

trol quote hadiths that they believe support the opposite position. One of these hadiths states that mUhammad did not object to ...

of mUhammad. In early Islam, the naming cer- emony was connected with a ritual called tahnik, which involved rubbing the infant’ ...

in 1017, he drafted al-Biruni into service as his court astronomer and astrologer in aFghanistan. Between 1022 and 1030, al-Biru ...

1985): 212–250; Michael Sells, Islamic Mysticism: Sufi, Quran, Miraj, Poetic and Theological Writings (New York: Paulist Press, ...

had verbally insulted sacred Islamic beliefs or val- ues. Insulting Muhammad or asserting that there will be no physical resurre ...