Plant Biotechnology and Genetics: Principles, Techniques and Applications

&CHAPTER 6 Molecular Genetics of Gene Expression MARIA GALLO Agronomy Department, Cancer/Genetics Research Complex, Universi ...

In this chapter, we describe thecentral dogmaof genetics, which involves information flow from DNA to RNA via transcription in t ...

Figure 6.1.DNA structure. The purine nucleotides (adenine and guanine) form hydrogen bonds with the pyrimidine nucleotides (thym ...

Figure 6.2.The two antiparallel chains of nucleotides strung together by a negatively charged sugar phosphate backbone form a ri ...

diameter). Initially, the histones produce a complex with the DNA to form the first structural unit of chromatin called thenucle ...

during the lifecycle of a cell. Chromatin is in its most condensed or coiled form during mitosis, when it forms a metaphase chro ...

Figure 6.4.The central dogma: DNA is transcribed to RNA in the cell nucleus. RNA is translated to protein in the cell cytoplasm. ...

protein-codingportionofthegenewillbeginwithanATGsequence(AUGinthemRNA), but theþ1 site is generally well upstream or in front of ...

Promoter elements that are not required for transcription initiation, but influence the level, rate, timing or tissue specificit ...

can simultaneously bind DNA and other transcription factors or RNAP II to regulate gene transcription (Fig. 6.8). 6.3.3 Coordina ...

transcription. Chromatin remodeling, as mentioned earlier, is required to allow the app- ropriate regions of a gene to bind tran ...

6.3.5 Regulation of Gene Expression by DNA Methylation DNA methylation ( 22 CH 3 groups attached to DNA of the promoter or codin ...

exon–intron junctions (marked by “/”) that are required for proper splicing out of the introns. The 5^0 exon–intron junction con ...

6.4 Translation How does the information in the mRNA result in the synthesis of a polypeptide? Multiple cellular players are inv ...

Figure 6.12.The genetic code gives rise to either overlapping or nonoverlapping reading sequences. A codon consists of three con ...

Since an mRNA is a long molecule containing many nucleotides, where does the trans- lational machinery start looking to begin re ...

Figure 6.13.Overview of translation showing the structure of tRNA, 60Sand 40Sribosomal sub- units. The three steps of translatio ...

acid. The charged tRNA molecule recognizes the codon through complementary base pairing with a region of it called an anticodon ...

posttranslational regulation is becoming increasingly valuable as we engineer some plants to be protein production factories, ac ...

Wishing to expand my horizons a bit more we purified bean PSV membranes (tonoplasts really) and cloned the gene for the most abu ...