0071643192.pdf

CARDIOVASCULAR EMERGENCIES b-Blockers and/or calcium channel blockers are the mainstay of therapy for hypertrophic cardiomyopath ...

Risk factors for endocarditis include: ■ Congenital heart disease ■ Rheumatic heart disease ■ Injection drug use (IDU) ■ Prosthe ...

■ Conjunctival or splinter hemorrhages ■ Petechiae ■ Immunologic phenomena: ■ Glomerulonephritis ■ Osler’s nodes: Tender nodules ...

TABLE 2.17. Antibiotic Recommendation for Endocarditis Prophylaxis Prophylaxis for Dental, Oral, Respiratory, and Esophageal Pro ...

Aortic Stenosis (AS) The most common causes are calcific valve degeneration (patients over 65 years), congenital bicuspid valve ...

SYMPTOMS ■ Theclassic triadof symptomatic aortic stenosis is dyspnea on exertion (CHF), chest pain, and syncope. ■ Sudden death ...

ACUTEAORTICREGURGITATION SYMPTOMS ■ Abrupt onset of dyspnea, tachypnea ■ Recent intravenous drug use or fever, if endocarditis ■ ...

Left atrial overload in mitral stenosis→hemoptysis and atrial fibrillation. Mitral Stenosis Mitral valve stenosis most commonly ...

Mitral Regurgitation Mitral valve regurgitation (MR) may be acute or chronic. As with aortic regur- gitation, it is important to ...

CHRONICMITRALREGURGITATION SYMPTOMS ■ Often asymptomatic ■ Gradual progression of dyspnea ■ Palpitations (from atrial fibrillati ...

DIAGNOSIS ■ ECG: Nonspecific ST-T wave changes,paroxysmal supraventricular tachy- cardia (PSVT) ■ CXR: No specific findings ■ Ec ...

SYMPTOMS/EXAM ■ Vary with location and rapidity of valve failure ■ Findings of severe anemia (due to hemolysis) ■ Findings consi ...

The primary risk factors for AAA development include: ■ Increasing age ■ Family history ■ Atherosclerotic risk factors Other pre ...

■ Asymptomatic aneurysms can be scheduled for repair based on aneurysm size and patient comorbidities. ■ Endovascular repair wit ...

CARDIOVASCULAR EMERGENCIES Endoleak=leak outside of graft lumen, but within existing aneurysm sac. Proximal aortic dissections = ...

The most common predisposing risk factor (see Table 2.19) for aortic dissection = uncontrolled HTN. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ■ Disruption ...

■ Involving spinal cord artery →paresis ■ Involving other major branches →limb or organ ischemia ■ May ultimately empty back int ...

■ Ultrasound ■ Poor sensitivity overall ■ Used to confirm diagnosis of tamponade in unstable patient ■ Transesophageal echocardi ...

■ MRI ■ Good visualization, but limited utility in the ED ■ Aortography ■ The classic “gold standard,” but largely supplanted by ...

■ Paralysis (indicates limb-threatening ischemia) ■ Presence of light touch sensation indicates tissue viability. DIFFERENTIAL ■ ...