Physical Chemistry , 1st ed.

1.2 System, Surroundings, and State 1.1.A bomb calorimeter is a sturdy metal vessel in which samples can be ignited and the amou ...

1.6 Real Gases 1.20.Liquid nitrogen comes in large cylinders that require special tank carts and hold 120 L of liquid at 77 K. G ...

2 T HE PREVIOUS CHAPTER ESTABLISHED THAT MATTER BEHAVES ACCORDING TO CERTAIN RULES called equations of state. We can now begin t ...

work FsF scos  (2.1) where is the angle between the vectors. Work is a scalar, not vector, quantity. Work has magnitude ...

The negative sign indicates that the work done contributes to a decreasein the amount of energy of the system.* If the piston mo ...

Solution a.First, the change in volume is needed. We find it as follows: VVfVi5.50 L 2.00 L 3.50 L To calculate the work a ...

d, e.When a can of spray paint is discharged, the can itself usually does not change in volume. Therefore, if the can itself is ...

which, using the properties of logarithms, is wrevnRTln  V V f i  (2.7) for an isothermal, reversible change in the conditio ...

its own right. This substance was even given a name: “caloric.” However, around 1780 Benjamin Thompson, later Count Rumford, kep ...

other hand, if heat comes out of a system,qis negative. The sign on qthere- fore tells one the direction of the heat transfer. T ...

in potential energy to the water, which heats up. Assuming a mass of 25.0 kg of water in the vat, what is the expected temperatu ...

that when the total energy of a system changes, the energy change goes into either work or heat; nothing else. Mathematically, t ...

and want to get to the top of the mountain, there are many ways to go about it. You can go straight up the mountain, or you can ...

dww dqq (2.13) but dUU The same relationship exists for most of the other state functions as well. (There is one exceptio ...

Example 2.7 A 1.00-L sample of gas at 1.00 atm pressure and 298 K expands isothermally and reversibly to 10.0 L. It is then heat ...

Because the energy changes of so many processes are measured under con- ditions of constant pressure,the change in enthalpy for ...

and similarly: pf2.71 atm To calculate (pV), multiply the final pressure and volume together, then subtract the product of th ...

Thus dUhas one term that varies with temperature and one term that varies with volume. The two partial derivatives represent slo ...

To evaluate the total heat, we integrate both sides of this infinitesimal equation to get qV Ti Tf CVdTU (2.25) where the fi ...

Notice the slight difference in the answers. Such slight differences may be lost in the significant figures of a calculation (as ...