Physical Chemistry , 1st ed.

1.2 System, Surroundings, and State Imagine you have a container holding some material of interest to you, as in Figure 1.1. The ...

The temperature of a system has not always been an obvious measurable of a system, and the concept of a “minimum temperature” is ...

Consider two systems, A and B, in which the temperature of A is greater than the temperature of B (Figure 1.2). Each is a closed ...

The final point with respect to the system and its variables is the fact that the system does not remember its previous state. T ...

where the function is written as F(p,V) to emphasize that the variables are pressure and volume, and that the outcome yields the ...

where we use Rto represent the proportionality constant. This equation of state relates the static (unchanging) values ofp,V,T, ...

Example 1.2 Calculate the volume of 1 mole of an ideal gas at SATP. Solution Using the ideal gas law and the appropriate value f ...

derivatives, each multiplied by the infinitesimal change in the appropriate vari- able (given as dx,dy,dz, and so on in equation ...

Solution The partial derivative of interest is  V p  T, n which we can evaluate in a fashion similar to the example above, u ...

this quotient may not equal 1. It can also be less than or greater than 1. Therefore, the above quotient is defined as the compr ...

most important measure of the nonideality of a real gas. Table 1.3 lists values of the second virial coefficient of several gase ...

Because of the various algebraic relationships between the virial coefficients in equations 1.17 and 1.18, typically only one se ...

correction and is related to the magnitude of the interactions between gas par- ticles. The van der Waals constant bis the volum ...

At very low pressures (which is one of the conditions under which real gases might behave somewhat like ideal gases), the volume ...

TB b a R   All of the liter units cancel, as well as the mole units. The atmosphere units also cancel, leaving the unit of K ...

 T p  V, n  V nR nb  We can also determine the volume derivative of pressure at constant tempera- ture and amount  V p ...

1.7 More on Derivatives The above examples of taking partial derivatives of equations of state are rel- atively straightforward. ...

We can rearrange this. Bringing one term to the other side of the equation, we get  T p  V  V p  T  V T  p Multipl ...

Example 1.8 Use the cyclic rule to determine an alternate expression for  V P  T Solution Using Figure 1.11, it should be ea ...

Such relationships are particularly useful for systems where, for example, it might be impossible to keep the volume of the syst ...