A Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Onset is slow and the duration of action prolonged so that ventilatory support is required post-operatively. Addition of a small ...

but is an agonist. It causes depolarization and initial uncoordinated contractions (‘fasciculation’), followed by block. All mus ...

152 ANAESTHETICS AND MUSCLE RELAXANTS by plasma cholinesterase, reversal with an anticholinesterase may not always be necessary, ...

have also proved useful in combination with general anaes- thesia. Local anaesthetics reversibly block impulse transmis- sion in ...

154 ANAESTHETICS AND MUSCLE RELAXANTS BENZOCAINE Benzocaineis a topical anaesthetic which is comparatively non-irritant and has ...

●Introduction 155 ●Pathophysiology and mechanism of pain 155 ●Sites of action of analgesics 156 ●Drugs used to treat mild or mod ...

156 ANALGESICS AND THE CONTROL OF PAIN SITES OF ACTION OF ANALGESICS Drugs can prevent pain: at the site of injury (e.g. NSAIDs ...

DRUGSUSED TOTREATMILD ORMODERATEPAIN 157 ASPIRIN (ACETYLSALICYLATE) Use Antiplatelet uses of aspirinare described in Chapters 29 ...

158 ANALGESICS AND THE CONTROL OF PAIN salicylate has dose-dependent (non-linear) kinetics (Chapter 3) at high therapeutic doses ...

OPIOIDS 159 OPIOIDS Opium is derived from the dried milky juice exuded by incised seed capsules of a species of poppy, Papaver s ...

160 ANALGESICS AND THE CONTROL OF PAIN that it is caused by liberation of endogenous opioids. Pain relief by acupuncture may als ...

OPIOIDS 161 increases, correlating with the high efficacy of repeated-dose oralmorphine. Morphine-6-glucuronide is eliminated in ...

162 ANALGESICS AND THE CONTROL OF PAIN NALOXONE Naloxoneis a pure competitive antagonist of opioid agonists atμ-receptors. It is ...

MANAGEMENT OFPOST-OPERATIVEPAIN 163 If possible, use oral medications. Once pain control is established (e.g. with frequent dos ...

164 ANALGESICS AND THE CONTROL OF PAIN FURTHER READING Ballantyne JC, Mao JR. Opioid therapy for chronic pain. New England Journ ...

PART III THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ...

This page intentionally left blank ...

●Introduction: inflammation 167 ●Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 167 ●Glucocorticoids 169 ●Disease-modifying antirheumatic ...

Adverse effects of NSAID on the stomach are covered in Chapter 25. They can be reduced by co-administration of a pro- ton pump i ...

Chapter 33). All NSAIDs cause wheezing in aspirin-sensitive individuals. COX-2 inhibitors increase cardiovascular events, limiti ...