An introduction to Japanese - Syntax, Grammar & Language
6.2. NOMINALISING 291 6.2.8 Stating an expectation using In English, which is the language this book is wriĴen in, there are two ...
292 CHAPTER 6. LANGUAGE PATTERNS expectation: ”You should have taken responsibility.” Here the clause , ”to take responsibility” ...
6.2. NOMINALISING 293 6.2.11 Stating an intention using Derived from the verb , ”to intend”, the nominaliser turns a clause into ...
294 CHAPTER 6. LANGUAGE PATTERNS in order to counter something that was said or was concluded that might imply the opposite. A g ...
6.2. NOMINALISING 295 6.2.13 Describing a way, using We already dealt with in the section on comparison and likeness, in which w ...
296 CHAPTER 6. LANGUAGE PATTERNS same fashion. This can be done for noun phrases as follows: ”Please continue like that.” Or it ...
6.2. NOMINALISING 297 6.2.16 Incidating apparent behaviour using literally means immitation, and it is typically used to indicat ...
298 CHAPTER 6. LANGUAGE PATTERNS fixed with , , and to do the expected things, and usually is: He, having come from a rural area ...
6.3. SOCIAL LANGUAGE PATTERNS 299 6.3.1 Showing and demanding face In Japan, and thus when using Japanese, you must constantly b ...
300 CHAPTER 6. LANGUAGE PATTERNS Speech paĴerns in the formal in-group involve , polite speech, char- acterised by the use of / ...
6.3. SOCIAL LANGUAGE PATTERNS 301 employee. To your mentor, you will rank as ’not on the social ladder yet’, and to you, your me ...
302 CHAPTER 6. LANGUAGE PATTERNS fact that you acted inappropriately by a change in speech paĴern, and you would do well to noti ...
6.3. SOCIAL LANGUAGE PATTERNS 303 would be experienced as highly annoying to have to listen to. This goes for all personal prono ...
304 CHAPTER 6. LANGUAGE PATTERNS Second person pronoun - ”you” a version of ”you” that contains a slight element of looking dow ...
6.3. SOCIAL LANGUAGE PATTERNS 305 Japanese has no explicit plurals, so you might think that expressing ”we” or ”them” might requ ...
306 CHAPTER 6. LANGUAGE PATTERNS Name suffixes There are various name suffixes that indicate different kinds of social re- latio ...
6.4. ACKNOWLEDGING SOCIAL STATUS THROUGH SPEECH 307 While typically associated with liĴle girls, - is actually an affectionate s ...
308 CHAPTER 6. LANGUAGE PATTERNS you’re used to the English way of expressing yourself, but in Japanese, these seemingly trivial ...
6.4. ACKNOWLEDGING SOCIAL STATUS THROUGH SPEECH 309 if the giving is being done to someone of equal or higher status, ( +) is u ...
310 CHAPTER 6. LANGUAGE PATTERNS So with that covered, a few examples of giving: ”(I) bought flowers for Kimiko.” ”I threw the g ...
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