Audio Engineering

442 Chapter 15 positive or negative number we can count to. The simple use of a sign bit leads to two values for zero, which is ...

Representation of Audio Signals 443 ● more fl exible processing possible and easy programmability; ● low cost potential; and ● p ...

444 Chapter 15 logic that has no timing or memory associated with it: for such systems other techniques, such as state machine a ...

Representation of Audio Signals 445 Vcc 10k 10k A B D & & Inputs Convention and good practice is to use pull-up resistor ...

446 Chapter 15 are referred to as words. Thus a three byte word will comprise 24 bits (though word is by now being used mainly t ...

Representation of Audio Signals 447 Serial data input Parallel load Clock pulses D Q Po P Pn D Q D Q D Q Parallel data inputs Se ...

448 Chapter 15 misbehavior or errors and it is part of the skill of the design and layout of such circuitry that this risk is mi ...

Representation of Audio Signals 449 Bit Clock 68 0110 1000 h 65 0110 0101 e 6L 0110 1101 l 6C 0110 1101 l 6F 0110 1111 o Hex Bin ...

450 Chapter 15 Start bit Bit calls Data Hex ASCII 00 63 hi 61 010110 10010110 Data bits Parity bit Stop bit Start bit Data bits ...

Representation of Audio Signals 451 5V 4V Clock waveform 3V 2V 1V 5V 4V Data waveform 3V 2V 1V Figure 15.7 : A practical probl ...

452 Chapter 15 few milliseconds of a musical signal we are very likely to observe a waveform that can be seen to have an underly ...

Representation of Audio Signals 453 through the analysis of much simpler waveforms. We rely on the straightforward principle of ...

454 Chapter 15 Emergence of the  1 is the useful part here because you may recall that analysis of the simple analogue circuit ...

Representation of Audio Signals 455 Such behavior can produce gross waveform distortion as might be imagined if a 2-kHz componen ...

456 Chapter 15 the “ ringing ” on the waveform is simply the consequence of band-limiting a square wave, that simple, minimum ph ...

Representation of Audio Signals 457 32  90  180  270 Phase degrees  360  450  540 100 320 Frequency 1 kHz 3.2 kHz 10 kHz ( ...

458 Chapter 15 The composite square wave has ripples in its shape, due to band limiting, since this example uses only the fi rst ...

Representation of Audio Signals 459 counting demonstrates the process of addition and, at fi rst sight, the process of subtracti ...

460 Chapter 15 We can convert from a simple binary count to a two’s complement value very simply. For positive numbers simply en ...

Representation of Audio Signals 461 processing, one approach being to set the result of an overfl owing sum to the appropriate l ...