Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World
However, there are cases when loans for establishing perfum- eries by men are discussed by orators in court. Th e length of hair ...
Cosmetics were aimed primarily at bodily hygiene. Th ey were made ma i n ly of per f u med lot ions to be appl ied to t he en- t ...
Stela 3 has been dubbed “Uncle Sam” for its pointy beard. Th e early to middle preclassic Olmec Wrestler from Veracruz also has ...
FURTHER READING Cyril Aldred, Jewels of the Pharaohs (London: Th ames and Hudson, 1978). Sue Blundell, Women in Ancient Greece ( ...
nomads. Once people began to settle in villages and hamlets that were surrounded by their farming plots, cities began to grow. T ...
the fi rst obstacle; most people did not want to venture into it. Th e Sahara was another enormous impediment. Central Africa is ...
invented agriculture or learned of agriculture from foreign- ers; archaeologists have not studied African history nearly to the ...
Th e main agricultural challenge in the region was lack of water. All African farmers had to irrigate their crops, and they inve ...
than other beans, such as those domesticated in the Ameri- cas. It grows well in poor soils, can thrive in some shade, and is go ...
plows that were light in weight and connected to the horns of oxen or even cattle. Th ese draft animals were driven by a person, ...
HARVESTING Th e dry season began in March and continued to July. Th is pe- riod was called shemu (a lso shomu), meaning “the dro ...
Egypt retained a ruling monarch, in practice these nobles ruled Egypt, oft en causing suff ering among their people. Much of thi ...
output was reduced. In general, though, the Nile Valley pro- duced an abundance of food. Th is surplus enabled the state to supp ...
crops. Th ey included three grains: emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, and barley; four legumes: lentils, peas, chickpeas, and bitter v ...
plows to churn up the soil; plows could dig much deeper than hand tools. Th e fi rst plows were pulled by humans; aft er about 6 ...
Farmers, on the other hand, could live in the same place year aft er year and did not have to worry about transporting young chi ...
aurochs, and onagers. Agriculture supplemented their diets but did not necessarily dominate it. Th e cultivation of plants quick ...
in cities. Because of the limited water, settlement was con- centrated on riverbanks. Th e population grew steadily but remained ...
China, Japan, Southeast Asia, and India have all grown and consumed vast quantities of rice for thousands of years. Millet, a gr ...
lowlands. Th ey lived in houses built of reeds and clay placed atop mounds to keep them out of the fl oods. Th ey kept do- mesti ...
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