Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

government. Around these centers, which must have covered the whole Nile Valley, were villages of diff erent sizes, visible from ...

pened around 3800 b.c.e., a drought drove people from the countryside into the cities. While cities were a viable solution to mi ...

to the east on the Narmada and Tāpi rivers. To further their trade with other cultures, the Harappans established towns far from ...

Th e shelters that people constructed were only temporary; they took their tents with them when they traveled or built new shelt ...

Age settlement of Százhalombatta Földvár in Hungary was protected by both a ditch and an earthen rampart, construc- tion of whic ...

the two city-states with the largest agricultural hinterlands, namely, Sparta and Athens. Access to the sea was benefi cial for ...

Colonists, who might be Roman citizens, veterans, or al- lies, received small plots of land to farm in their new com- munities. ...

terns, in turn, through a wider segment of space, might be termed a complex pattern. Th ese complex patterns relate to the adjus ...

Gordon Randolph Willey, Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the New World (Westport. Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 198 ...

Th e admiral narrowly escaped being captured himself and lost his fl agship. Aft er they were defeated by the Romans off the coa ...

Period (before ca. 3000 b.c.e.), and clear evidence of seacraft is known by the Old Kingdom (ca. 2575–ca. 2134 b.c.e.). Egyptian ...

One other type of vessel had a vitally important purpose in ancient Egypt and was used throughout the Dynastic Pe- riod: the bar ...

ships are depicted on pottery beginning in the eighth century b.c.e. For short distances, there is evidence of a small craft tha ...

igation and rowers for military vessels. Given their developed use of siege machinery, it is highly probable that they would hav ...

ing the wood so that the pieces overlap, where they can be joined together. Additionally, the keels were grooved to ac- cept ver ...

of life is immortalized in miniature model boats of lead and painted depictions of what seem to be long, open galleys. Evidence ...

ROME BY DEBORAH N. CARLSON During the last three centuries b.c.e. the monarchs of sev- eral Greek kingdoms embarked upon a kind ...

types, such as naves lapidariae, or the stone carriers, which transported hundreds of tons of marble and granite from vir- tuall ...

ily be righted if it was capsized by rough water or large prey. With a skillful turn of his body, the paddler could quickly roll ...

of the trunk, expanding the hollowed hull. Heat-expansion technology was also used by North American Indians along the Northwest ...