Chemistry, Third edition

9 · CALCULATING CONCENTRATIONS Other units of concentration Parts per million Very low concentrations of substances are usually ...

may be used instead of the mass of the solution in grams. For dilute aqueous solu- tions, therefore, we can use: 1 ppm 1 mg of ...

148 9 · CALCULATING CONCENTRATIONS Example 9.9 If 20 cm^3 of a standard solution of magnesium ions (Mg^2 ) of concentration 100 ...

OTHER UNITS OF CONCENTRATION 149 Concentration as percentage composition Many solutions in industry are expressed in one of two ...

9 · CALCULATING CONCENTRATIONS Concentration expressed as mole fraction Sometimes the physical properties of solutions, such as ...

PH SCALE 151 The pH is a measure of the acidityof a solution. A low pH corresponds to a high value of [H 3 O] or [H(aq)], show ...

152 9 · CALCULATING CONCENTRATIONS 9.1.What mass of solute must be used in order to prepare the following solutions? (i) 250 cm^ ...

Gases, Liquids and Solids Objectives Defines heat and temperature Looks at changes of state Introduces the kinetic molecular ...

154 10 · GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS The higher the temperature of a collection of particles, the higher the average kinetic ener ...

CHANGES IN THE STATE OF MATTER from each other. This process is called evaporation, and the resulting gas consists of particles ...

10 · GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS Heating and cooling curves The phase changes shown in Fig. 10.3 may be represented using a heatin ...

GAS LAWS When the liquid boils, its temperature does not rise – all the added heat is used to boil the liquid. Both the liquid a ...

10 · GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS Charles’ law The expansion of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure as its temperature is rais ...

GAS LAWS If the piston is allowed to cool, the reverse effect occurs, and the piston handle moves inwards so reducing the volume ...

160 10 · GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS Fig. 10.8Avogadro’s law. Dalton’s law of partial pressures This law applies to gases which do ...

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES Kinetic molecular theory of gases Assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory of gases The kin ...

10 · GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 1.Theaverage speedof gas particles at a particular temperature depends upon the mass of the gas m ...

IDEAL GAS EQUATION Examples in the use of the ideal gas equation Note that, to make calculations easier, always express Tin kelv ...

10 · GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS Experiments show that at pressures below 1 atm (101 kPa), the ratio PV/RTdoes not deviate appreci ...

VAPOUR PRESSURE combination of solute absorption and adsorption may bring about the separation of a mixture on a chromatographic ...