BioPHYSICAL chemistry
as changes in the amount of solar radiation and atmospheric changes due to volcanoes. In the absence of detailed temperature rec ...
Problems 2.1 Heat is transferred to a system at 1 atm. Will the internal energy increase more if the system is at constant volum ...
The first law of thermodynamics provides a means to balance work and heat changes and the parameters that are changed when work ...
A preference for an increase in the random motion of an object is a simple statement of the second law of thermodynamics. Formal ...
48 PARTI THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS heat and temperature of a system. For a given reversible process, a small change results in ...
CHAPTER 3 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 49 For ΔT=0, ΔU=q+w=0 and q=−w The entropy change is proportional to the heat (eqn 3.2) a ...
50 PARTI THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS the system are exactly matched by corresponding oppo- site changes in the entropy of the su ...
Reversible process: (3.12) Irreversible process: Thus, the entropy change for the irreversible process is found to be larger tha ...
that the process will occur, while a negative ΔSmeans that the process will not happen. If ΔSis zero, then the system is in equi ...
equivalent molecular picture is to replace the letters with gas molecules. Initially, the gas molecules are confined in a balloo ...
Effectively, this provides a convenient definition of the zero value. In the original formulation by Nerst, the entropy change a ...
(3.17) Multiplying both sides by −Tyields: −TΔStot=−TΔS+ΔH (3.18) Since the temperature is always a positive number, the reactio ...
As an example, consider how the Gibbs energy can be calculated from the equilibrium constant for the reaction catalyzed by the e ...
Consequently, many different combinations of enthalpy and entropy changes can result in the same change in Gibbs energy and elic ...
58 PARTI THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS differ in how they are regulated. Whereas inhibitors for kinases have been identified by ra ...
CHAPTER 3 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 59 The first part of this sum, the total energy change,dU, can be related to the change i ...
2H 2 O (liquid) →2H 2 (gas) +O 2 (gas) (3.30) ΔS°=S°(O 2 ) + 2 S°(H 2 ) − 2 S°(H 2 O) ΔS°=(205.1 J K−^1 ) +2(130.7 J K−^1 ) −2(6 ...
expansion, and exhaust. This cycle occurs several thousand times each minute and is used to perform work in the form of moving t ...
The goal of scientists and politicians is to significantly decrease our depend- ence on petroleum for transportation (see Chapte ...
Electric motors draw a current when the motor is turning the transmis- sion (which turns the wheels). With regenerative braking, ...
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