BioPHYSICAL chemistry
84 PARTI THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS This last expression can be written in terms of mole fractions, yielding an expression for ...
Raoult’s law Vapor pressure is the pressure due to molecule A that would be gener- ated if the gas and the liquid states of this ...
86 PARTI THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS So the chemical potential of molecule A in a mixture can be determined by the ratio of the ...
Rate of return =creturnPA (4.27) since the partial pressure is proportional to the concentration of the mole- cules in the vapor ...
88 PARTI THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS Osmosis Osmosis is the spontaneous movement of a pure solvent into a solution across a semi ...
being studied by many directions in research. For example, the response of every gene of an organism to environmental changes is ...
protein. Thus, in most cases, the protein precipitates and crystals are obtained only by surveying many different solvent condit ...
boundaries between a phase where the protein is in solution to where the protein has become either a precipitant or crystal. Wit ...
Problems 4.1 Does the change from a solid to a liquid represent a phase change? 4.2 Does the expansion of a metal during heating ...
4.17 Why do reactions reach an equilibrium instead of entirely producing the products? 4.18 If a molecule cannot be mixed with w ...
The concepts of Gibbs energy and chemical potential are developed in this chapter in terms of the equilibrium compositions of re ...
B is not favored, as this state will not have the lowest value of G. Rather, the reaction will reach an equilibrium point that h ...
96 PARTI THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS when XA=0 and XB=1. For intermediate val- ues, the logarithms are always negative and ΔG is ...
CHAPTER 5 EQUILIBRIA AND REACTIONS INVOLVING PROTONS 97 Expressing the equilibrium constant in terms of the partial pressures: ( ...
98 PARTI THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS The expression for the reaction Gibbs energy of a mixture becomes: (db5.14) Assuming behavi ...
Following Le Chatelier’s principle, the response of a system to a change in temperature can be predicted. For a system in equili ...
100 PARTI THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS equilibrium reaction is often written without explicitly including the involvement of the ...
CHAPTER 5 EQUILIBRIA AND REACTIONS INVOLVING PROTONS 101 pK=−logK (5.14) For water, the pKWcan be written as: pKW=−log(KW) =−log ...
102 PARTI THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS Since the starting material is only the weak acid HA and water, there must be a balance be ...
CHAPTER 5 EQUILIBRIA AND REACTIONS INVOLVING PROTONS 103 (5.23) pK=−logK (eqn 5.14) The dependence of pH on the concentrations o ...
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