BioPHYSICAL chemistry
64 PARTI THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS The ratio of volumes can be related to a ratio of temperatures for an ideal gas, since the ...
CHAPTER 3 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 65 Since each term has a logarithm, this equation reduces to: or (db3.11) Tfinalc Vinitia ...
Coming back to the integral (eqn db3.1), the change in entropy over the entire path must be zero: (db3.15) Thus the integral of ...
molecule. Nitrogen molecules contain a triple bond and, in the gas phase, N 2 does not easily accept or donate electrons. For ni ...
solved by nature. Since nitrogen is a constituent of nearly all biomolecules, nitrogen is essential for life. Although N 2 is ab ...
Problems 3.1 If heat is transferred reversibly from the environment into a system with no other changes, what can be said about ...
3.13 Consider a piece of paper burning in a closed, adiabatic, constant-volume container that has an oxygen atmosphere. Are the ...
Molecules can exist in three different states, as a solid, liquid, or gas. Changes in these states, or phases, are commonplace a ...
temperatures and pressures. At 1 atm, ice is a stable phase of water below 0°C but above that temperature the liquid phase of wa ...
liquid intermediate, as occurs when dry ice is warmed and evaporates into carbon dioxide gas. The phase diagram has a special po ...
Properties of lipids described using the chemical potential The lipids forming cell membranes represent an example of a biologic ...
CHAPTER 4 PHASE DIAGRAMS AND MIXTURES 75 μA=μ^0 A+RTlnXA and μB=μ^0 B+RTlnXB (4.6) Since there are only two components, the sum ...
also possible. At an air/water interface the lipids will form monolayers with the polar head groups directed towards the water a ...
from a detergent solution will depend upon the thermodynamic parameters that are effectively summarized with the phase diagram. ...
regions were rich in cholesterol, glycos- phingolipids, and lipid-anchored proteins. When the cell cholesterol was depleted, the ...
the raft. In these models, signaling could be initiated through the raft (see Figure 4.8). Many of these proteins are active onl ...
80 PARTI THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS resulting in spheres due to their small surface area/volume ratio. For a curved surface wit ...
At room temperature, a solution of pure water should give a surface tension of 72.8 mN m−^1. When a detergent is added to water ...
82 PARTI THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS (Figure 4.11). Alternatively, the proteins can be suspended in the bilayer formation on a g ...
CHAPTER 4 PHASE DIAGRAMS AND MIXTURES 83 (4.16) Substituting this expression for the chemical potential into the relation- ship ...
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