BioPHYSICAL chemistry

The value of −30.5 kJ mol−^1 for ATP hydrolysis represents the standard-state Gibbs energy change when all reactants are at a co ...

that these compounds could dissipate the proton gradient due to their abil- ity to diffuse through the membrane in both protonat ...

The second contribution arises from the difference in charge for the two sides of the membrane. The difference in the Gibbs ener ...

I–IV (Figure 6.10). Complex I, also called NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, is an 850-kDa enzyme composed of over 40 protein subu ...

This reaction is highly exergonic, with a Gibbs energy difference of −220 kJ mol−^1 under standard conditions. Much of the energ ...

The number of protons involved in ATP synthesis has been actively dis- cussed and still is not resolved. Early measurements yiel ...

(Figure 6.15; Kinosita et al. 2004;Junge & Nelson 2005). The F 1 domain was attached to a glass slide with a nickel coating ...

stoichiometry of the number of protons required to be transferred for each ATP synthesized remains an open question. A full rota ...

Problems 6.1 In an electrochemical cell, where does an oxidation reaction occur? 6.2 Calculate the potential for the following r ...

6.12 The midpoint potential of a protein was found to have the following pH dependence. If this is interpreted as arising from a ...

Thermodynamics can be used to determine whether a reaction is spon- taneous and how much energy is involved in the reaction. How ...

The rate of a reaction involving a molecule A, which at any time thas the concentration A(t), is the change in the concentration ...

136 PARTI THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS In this context, the instantaneous probability is equivalent to a first-order rate constan ...

The half-life and rate constant are inversely related to each other and correspondingly have inverse units. Whereas the half-lif ...

Since each of the individual rates is first order, the observed rate constant, kobs, for the exponential loss of state A, will b ...

Sequential first-order reactions Another possible reaction is one that consists of sequential processes. In terms of the gumball ...

change concentration due to a very fast forward rate for the second step with a backward rate so small that it can be neglected: ...

The second step of the process is a first-order reaction with some instan- taneous probability. However, to consider the overall ...

of values. In general, the rate may depend upon the concentrations of the reactants according to: (7.21) where the values of nan ...

(7.25) kf[A] =kb[B] Thus, the equilibrium constant for a reaction,Keq, is equal to the ratio of the forward and backward rates f ...