BioPHYSICAL chemistry
104 PARTI THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS logxn=nlogx At the stoichiometric point, this relationship leads to a much sharper depend- ...
Protonation states of amino acid residues When an amino acid is dissolved in water, it can exchange a proton with water, acting ...
glutamic acid has been found to have pKA values shifted by several pH units to main- tain its neutral form through interactions ...
CHAPTER 5 EQUILIBRIA AND REACTIONS INVOLVING PROTONS 107 14 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0. ...
Buffering in the cardiovascular system In animals with lungs, bicarbonate is an effective buffer found in the blood and maintain ...
In photosynthetic complexes, this process involves the sequential transfer of one electron to a quinone acceptor, QB, forming a ...
In such cases a protonatable amino acid residue is always found near the active site to serve as the donor or acceptor of the pr ...
Taraphder & Hummer 2003; Friedman et al. 2005; see Chapter 7). The traditional pathways are viewed as requiring proton donor ...
Problems 5.1 At equilibrium, what can be said about the Gibbs energy? 5.2 For a spontaneous process at constant pressure, will t ...
5.17 If formation of quinol is independent of the Gibbs energy difference, what can be said about the rates of proton and electr ...
The previous chapters have dealt with the principles of thermodynamics and the involvement of protons in acid/base reactions. In ...
Since the electron must come from somewhere, there must be an electron donor, Y, producing an oxidized species, Y+: Y →Y++e− (6. ...
to move the charge. A Coulomb is a certain number of electron charges, 6.24 × 1018. Voltage has similarities to a molar Gibbs en ...
Midpoint potentials Notice that when the concentrations of the oxidized and reduced species are equal, the potential Eis equal t ...
bacterial reaction center (Chapter 5). Notice that hydrogen has a zero midpoint potential since it serves as a standard, but onl ...
CHAPTER 6 REDOX REACTIONS AND BIOENERGETICS 119 CH 2 HH H OH OH H O O O C NH 2 O PR H O N CH 2 HH H OH OH In NADP this hydro ...
oxidized state. For example, the iron in heme has two axial ligands (Chapters 15 and 16). A more basic axial ligand is a better ...
in entropy. Although salt will dissolve in polar solutions such as water, it will not dissolve in other liquids such as oil (a n ...
and Cl−. The contribution of the chloride to the measured value for sodium chloride can be subtracted resulting in the Gibbs ene ...
When ions from different salts are dissolved together, the ionic strength is calculated by combining all of the contributions of ...
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