Islamic Economics: A Short History

economic thought of the rightly guided caliphs 123 After highlighting the general structure of society and the impor- tance of i ...

124 chapter three carefully from those who should be “most ready to stop (to ponder) on doubtful points, most regardful of argum ...

economic thought of the rightly guided caliphs 125 particularly emphasised in Caliph Ali’s thought, anticipating in that the tho ...

CHAPTER FOUR THE DYNASTIC CALIPHATES THE UMAYYADS AND THE REFORMS (661 A.C.–750 A.C.) Introduction The period under examination ...

the dynastic caliphates: the umayyads and the reforms 127 help avoid bloodshed over the new successorship it would not breach th ...

128 chapter four (750–754) who is nicknamed al-Saffàh, the generous or, with refer- ence to the way he treated his enemies, the ...

the dynastic caliphates: the umayyads and the reforms 129 However, it never surrendered. Indeed, it was not until 1453 that the ...

130 chapter four Administrative and Economic Reforms The Umayyad period was significant for its administrative reforms. Despite ...

the dynastic caliphates: the umayyads and the reforms 131 Sahib-al-Barìd, seemed to have occupied an important role in the gov- ...

132 chapter four intelligence centres of our modern state. As in the case of the bureau of correspondence, Mu"awiyah established ...

the dynastic caliphates: the umayyads and the reforms 133 Central Auditing Office. The head of dìwàn-al-zimmahwas account- able ...

134 chapter four inherited from the two older empires. However, by 700 a new gen- eration of Arab-speaking officials came to pow ...

the dynastic caliphates: the umayyads and the reforms 135 more able than others to realise the value of the new money in relatio ...

136 chapter four al-Wasìt were established in Iraq. Al-Qayrawan (Tunisia) was also founded in North Africa to serve as a militar ...

the dynastic caliphates: the umayyads and the reforms 137 Agriculture Agriculture occupied a paramount position in the economic ...

138 chapter four (c) the state had the duty of digging canals and establishing bridges to help develop agriculture and related e ...

the dynastic caliphates: the umayyads and the reforms 139 ments when faced with similar problems. The policy however was abandon ...

140 chapter four security, urbanisation, and the diversity of agricultural and manu- facturing products, helped promote trade in ...

the dynastic caliphates: the umayyads and the reforms 141 routes between Syria and Egypt, Egypt and the North African coast, Egy ...

142 chapter four to the merchant and a safeguard to the continuation of the coop- eration, especially when both merchants know t ...