Islamic Economics: A Short History

the dynastic caliphates: the umayyads and the reforms 143 while it is based on the principles of mutual agency only in the “inàn ...

144 chapter four commenda; both Muslims and non-Muslims may engage in a com- menda contract providing that the rules of the Shar ...

the dynastic caliphates: the umayyads and the reforms 145 the suftaja as harmful to the debtor. On the other hand, it might be f ...

146 chapter four men were no longer exempt from Jizyah tax, though the poor and the old were still exempt, a change which was ne ...

the dynastic caliphates: the umayyads and the reforms 147 of war and the way the revenue of the Fai" was to be spent was provide ...

148 chapter four This argument was supported by the substantial increase in the state revenue from this source, which increased ...

the dynastic caliphates: the umayyads and the reforms 149 lic baths, small shops, grinding mills, and lands on which shops were ...

150 chapter four which were mentioned earlier, were laid down by the Prophet and exercised by his successors in the Rightly Guid ...

the dynastic caliphates: the umayyads and the reforms 151 al-Œajjaj, who no doubt provided historians with rich material, mostly ...

152 chapter four upon the type of produce, the difficulty of irrigation and the fertil- ity of the land. The tax was modified la ...

the dynastic caliphates: the umayyads and the reforms 153 Islamic economic thought of the Rightly-Guided Caliph and inves- tigat ...

154 chapter four Figure 4.1: Legal Forms of Islamic Business (from El-Ashker, 1987) Forms of business enterprise Sole trader The ...

CHAPTER FIVE THE ABBASÌD’S GOLDEN AGE THE FLORESCENCE OF ISLAMIC ECONOMICS (750 A.C.–1000 A.C.) Introduction The period under ex ...

156 chapter five source of state income and the concern of writers with land taxa- tion, (d) the nature of the subject as a devi ...

the abbasìd’s golden age 157 longer a series of individual reigns deeply dependent on the personal religious or political qualit ...

158 chapter five Rightly Guided caliphs ought to be considered as part of the general consensus,ijma", in the science of jurispr ...

the abbasìd’s golden age 159 Consequently, questions related to the administration of tax would require immediate attention. Tax ...

160 chapter five The diversity could be attributed to two main reasons: the vast geographical location and the active trade. The ...

the abbasìd’s golden age 161 and Abbasids. During the Umayyad and particularly the Abbasìd caliphate, land granted in reward for ...

162 chapter five distinctive features. The spread of the religio-political philosophy, the critique of the Greek philosophy, the ...