Organic Chemistry

Section 24.2 Nucleophilic Catalysis 1001 THE NOBEL PRIZE Throughout this text, you have found biographi- cal sketches that give ...

1002 CHAPTER 24 Catalysis If iodide ion is present in the reaction mixture, the reaction takes place by two succes- sive reactio ...

Section 24.3 Acid Catalysis 1003 A proton is donated to the reactant in an acid-catalyzed reaction. 24.3 Acid Catalysis An acid ...

1004 CHAPTER 24 Catalysis The acid increases the rate of the second slow step by changing the basicity of the group that is elim ...

Section 24.3 Acid Catalysis 1005 Specific-acid and general-acid catalysts speed up a reaction in the same way—by donating a prot ...

1006 CHAPTER 24 Catalysis PROBLEM 4 SOLVED An alcohol will not react with aziridine unless the reaction is catalyzed by an acid. ...

Section 24.5 Metal-Ion Catalysis 1007 In specific-base catalysis, the base has to be strong enough to remove a proton from the r ...

1008 CHAPTER 24 Catalysis In cases A and B, the metal ion exerts the same kind of catalytic effect as a pro- ton does. In a reac ...

The hydrolysis of methyl trifluoroacetate has two slow steps. increases the rate of the first slow step by providing metal-bound ...

1010 CHAPTER 24 Catalysis 24.6 Intramolecular Reactions The rate of a chemical reaction is determined by the number of molecular ...

Section 24.6 Intramolecular Reactions 1011 Table 24.2 Relative Rates of an Intermolecular Reaction and Five Intramolecular React ...

1012 CHAPTER 24 Catalysis Reaction C is faster than reaction B because the alkyl substituents of the reactant in C decrease the ...

Section 24.7 Intramolecular Catalysis 1013 3-D Molecules: cis-2-Thiophenyl- chlorocyclohexane; trans-2-Thiophenyl- chlorocyclohe ...

If nitro groups are put on the benzene ring, the ortho-carboxyl substituent acts as an intramolecular nucleophilic catalystinste ...

Section 24.8 Catalysis in Biological Reactions 1015 The following reaction, in which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the ester, is a ...

1016 CHAPTER 24 Catalysis Figure 24.4N The structure of hexokinase before binding its substrate is shown in red. The structure o ...

Section 24.9 Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions 1017 As we look at some examples of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, notice that the function ...

1018 CHAPTER 24 Catalysis CHCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 H 2 N H 2 N HN N H 2 N C NHCHCO + H 2 O CO + H 3 NCHCO + NH 2 Arg 145 Tyr 248 Arg 127 ...

Section 24.9 Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions 1019 substrate binds to the active site. It has been suggested that the unfavorable elec ...

1020 CHAPTER 24 Catalysis Tutorial: Serine protease mechanism The pocket in trypsin is narrow and has a serine and a negatively ...