Spanish: An Essential Grammar

Consonant changing verbs An important category of stem irregularities comprises verbs in which a consonant is inserted or change ...

caes, (vos) caés,cae,caemos,caéis,caen (present indicative),caiga,caigas, caiga,caigamos,caigáis,caigan (present subjunctive). I ...

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 12111 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41111 Table 10.8 Change from ...

Verbs ending in -uir Since Spanish does not permit an unstressed ibetween vowels, these verbs show insertion of yin all persons ...

Verbs ending in -iar or -uar A large number of -arverbs have a stem that ends in ior u, e.g. envi-ar ‘send’ and continu-ar‘conti ...

Common verbs like enviar include the following: confiar trust fiarse trust criar bring up/raise guiar guide desafiar defy/challe ...

Verbs with a diphthong in their stem that do notfollow this pattern include: arraigarse take root peinar comb causar cause reina ...

Orthography changing verbs Given the general principles of Spanish orthography, a verb’s stem may require a spelling adjustment ...

Note: The pattern shown in Table 10.15 does not apply to verbs like aparecer(see Table 10.8). Miscellaneous irregularities A sma ...

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 12111 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 41111 Imperative 113 Table 10 ...

Table 10.18Regular imperative forms Hablar Beber Subir Singular (tú) habla bebe sube (vos) hablá [LA] bebé [LA] subí [LA] Plural ...

Irregular imperfect tense forms Only the verbs ser‘be’, ir‘go’ and ver‘see’ are irregular in the imperfect tense. Their forms ar ...

Table 10.21Preterite tense (regular forms) Person Hablar Beber Subir Singular 1 (yo) hablé bebí subí 2 (tú/vos) hablaste bebiste ...

Notes: 1 For a list of other common -irradical changing verbs see 10.1.2.1 above. 2 Note that in verbs like freír‘fry’ and reír‘ ...

(a) Verbs similar to tener: andar anduve walk poder pude be able to caber cupe fit poner puse put estar estuve be saber supe kno ...

Orthographic changes in the preterite Among -arverbs the following spelling changes occur before ein the 1st person singular: c ...

Imperfect subjunctive For uses see Chapter 12. Regular imperfect subjunctive forms The imperfect subjunctive has two sets of for ...

Other typical patterns so produced are: leyera/leyese, construyera/ construyese, dijera/dijese, trajera/trajese, gruñera/gruñese ...

Non-finite forms The non-finite forms in Spanish are the infinitive, the past participle and the gerund. They normally require a ...

Table 10.29Non-finite forms (regular verbs) Hablar Beber Subir Infinitive hablar beber subir Gerund hablando bebiendo subiendo P ...