Wrestling with Nature From Omens to Science

90 Shank sisted on letting nature do the teaching. But he too depended heavily on the textual tradition and advanced it.^33 The ...

Natural Knowledge in the Latin Middle Ages 91 of the liberal arts to that of the sciences. The category “real sciences” un- derw ...

92 Shank universities multiplied in the fourteenth and fi fteenth centuries, number- ing some sixty by 1500.^45 It is diffi cult ...

Natural Knowledge in the Latin Middle Ages 93 Symptoms of specialization also transpired in genres. The chief format for inquiry ...

94 Shank new learning in the hierarchy of knowledge. Although immersed in the Aristotelian revival and very attuned to mathemati ...

Natural Knowledge in the Latin Middle Ages 95 arguments that critically evaluated multiple competing possibilities be- fore choo ...

96 Shank Not least, the deductive ideal of demonstration raised important related questions about certainty in specifi c scienti ...

Natural Knowledge in the Latin Middle Ages 97 powerful explanatory boost, a thesis that Roger Bacon would also defend passionate ...

98 Shank heat, speed, whiteness, and so forth) and analyzed them as a function of time. A second approach, “the proportions of s ...

Natural Knowledge in the Latin Middle Ages 99 Aristotle’s Metaphysics, a standard work in the faculty of arts. A third ap- proac ...

100 Shank tion, the unaided human mind could have direct, certain, and evident knowledge of singular objects. Such views serious ...

Natural Knowledge in the Latin Middle Ages 101 From a quantitative point of view natural philosophy was more than the heart of t ...

102 Shank scrutiny of propositions using rigorous logical analysis that led Ockham to conclude (among other things) that motion ...

Natural Knowledge in the Latin Middle Ages 103 But in 1292 in Paris, William of St. Cloud measured the precession of the equinox ...

104 Shank philosophical reasoning; in effect, it also sealed the existing methodologi- cal separation of the faculties of arts a ...

Natural Knowledge in the Latin Middle Ages 105 “whether theology is a science,” they meant: Do the premises, arguments, and conc ...

106 Shank mathematical and mixed sciences as optics, astronomy, and the science of weights also fl ourished in or near the unive ...

Natural Knowledge in the Latin Middle Ages 107 cine,” in Tradition, Transmission, Transformation: Proceedings of Two Conferences ...

108 Shank wood, Ordering the Heavens: Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renais- sance (Leiden: Brill, 2007), esp. ...

Natural Knowledge in the Latin Middle Ages 109 and Arabist of the Early Twelfth Century, ed. Charles Burnett (London: Warburg In ...