Afghanistan. A History from 1260 to the Present - Jonathan L. Lee (2018)

afghanistan ostracized by their community. In order to pay for seed and other costs the peasants borrowed from urban moneylender ...

a house divided, 1933–73 The assassination of Ambassador Dubs and the fall of President Taraki In February 1979 the usa became u ...

afghanistan the medieval quarters of Herat’s old town and its Timurid monuments. It took a week for government forces to regain ...

a house divided, 1933–73 supporters tried to engineer ’Amin’s downfall. In mid-September 1979 Taraki called Hafiz Allah ’Amin to ...

afghanistan a matter of months. The prospect of a second militant Islamic govern- ment on the ussr’s southern frontiers was unac ...

a house divided, 1933–73 to reinforce the perimeter defences of the Taj Beg palace, where ’Amin and his inner circle had gathere ...

afghanistan the Soviet intervention did was precipitate a full-scale civil war and inter- nationalize the Afghanistan crisis, tu ...

a house divided, 1933–73 convoys and remote, poorly manned outposts. The Soviets responded with long-distance artillery, high-al ...

afghanistan The response by the usa and Western nations, however, was swift and sharp. There were the usual diplomatic protests ...

a house divided, 1933–73 stepped into Britain’s shoes and the defence of the Indus-Durand Line became as crucial to America’s So ...

afghanistan military training be channelled through the Inter-Service Intelligence (isi), Pakistan’s equivalent of the cia. Late ...

a house divided, 1933–73 the cia were convinced that Hikmatyar’s men were the most effective when it came to killing Russians. H ...

afghanistan diverse of all the mujahidin parties. Unlike the other Peshawar-based leaders, Rabbani was not a Pushtun but a Tajik ...

a house divided, 1933–73 had risen to $325 million and by 1987 this figure had almost doubled to $630 million. 47 In contrast, i ...

afghanistan looted archaeological and heritage sites. Mas‘ud initially funded his war by trading in lapis lazuli and other gemst ...

a house divided, 1933–73 For the mujahidin the jihad was not merely a matter of killing Russians, as the cia planned, but it was ...

afghanistan through the secular North American and European school and university systems. Inside Afghanistan, meanwhile, the st ...

a house divided, 1933–73 unpopular with the Soviet public. In all around 600,000 Soviet citizens served in Afghanistan and, acco ...

afghanistan even publicly renounced Marxism and did his best to convince a sceptical nation he was a good Muslim. All his effort ...

a house divided, 1933–73 between the Rabbani–Mas‘ud network on the one hand and Hikmatyar’s and Khalis’s Hizb-i Islami factions ...