Afghanistan. A History from 1260 to the Present - Jonathan L. Lee (2018)

afghanistan worsened, and for many Afghans the conflict now seems to be endless as well as irresolvable. Despite more than 100,0 ...

‘between the dragon and his wrath’, 1994–2017 beheading the defenders, while the ana failed to respond to their frantic calls fo ...

afghanistan ‘money from God’. According to the World Bank, Afghanistan’s financial dependency will continue well beyond 2030. Th ...

‘between the dragon and his wrath’, 1994–2017 the ageing and sick president is able to meet such challenges. Indeed one wonders ...

T he emergence of Afghanistan as a nation state and its survival is a remarkable story given the tumultuous nature of the countr ...

conclusion headship of the ‘Abdali tribe, a rivalry perpetuated under the dynasty founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani and which played ...

afghanistan and he failed to established functional and enduring state institutions, but left the administration of his diwan, o ...

conclusion From 1830 onwards, however, there was a major shift in British policy towards what was known at the time as the Cis-I ...

afghanistan and weapons the Muhammadzais needed to defeat their enemies. Britain also tacitly encouraged and ultimately legitimi ...

conclusion up in wider conflicts in which they are often just bit players. The cost of these European ventures, however, has bee ...

afghanistan In this respect, the present u.s.–nato intervention is no different to that of the early British or Soviet military ...

conclusion strategic interest took precedence over any negative impact it might have on ordinary Afghans, meant that the Viceroy ...

afghanistan The oil and water government that resulted after 2001, with a Durrani Pushtun monarchist Executive and an Islamist, ...

conclusion after all, controlled Afghanistan’s foreign policy, had a strong say in who ruled the country, paid the government’s ...

afghanistan rooted in European models. ‘Abd al-Rahman Khan’s vision of national unity was based on the despotism of Peter the Gr ...

conclusion ordinary Afghans, who are generally tolerant of differences and contemp- tuous of movements that demean their deeply ...

afghanistan Indeed, given the history of their country, the resilience of ordinary Afghans is remarkable, even extraordinary. At ...

conclusion Hindu, Buddhist or secular atheists. Many have married non-Muslim Europeans and their children are educated in Wester ...

chart 1: Lineage of Saddozai Sultans and Mir-i Afghanihas, 1558–1747 Holders of titles indicated in bold ...

chart 2 : The Saddozai Dynasty from Ahmad Shah to Shah Shuja‘ al-Mulk, 1747–1842 ...