The \'German Spirit\' in the Ottoman and Turkish Army, 1908-1938. A History of Military Knowledge Transfer - Gerhard Grüßhaber

Ontheotherhand,inhismemoirsMittelbergeralsowroteatlenghtaboutthe comparisonsbetweenEnverPasha’sSarıkamışandHitler’sBarbarossadeb ...

mancontractswereinthreatofbeingterminated.²⁴²Bothofficersplayedanin- fluentialroleinTurkishpolitics.İsmetİnönüinvitedbothmenforc ...

ishtobreakintotheirpreserveatYildiz,andwereonlytobemoredisgruntledlater,when theywereallrecalledtoGermanyandreplacedbyTurkishoff ...

“Thehighestdemandamongthemilitarybranchofarmswasforthecavalryandartillery. Theinfantry[...]wasseenasaverytiringanddifficultbranc ...

operationsfromreveilearlyinthemorningtoretreat(Zapfenstreich)intheeve- ning.Duringfieldtraining,theGermanofficersopenlycriticize ...

toobservedisciplineandpunctuality.²⁶¹ThustheTurkishnationhadallthepre- requisitesforformingamodernarmy.Itmerelyhadtoadaptsomesma ...

slowlygetusedtotheshoutingoforders.²⁶⁸Therewerealsomoreradicalsugges- tions.Aforcefullanguageshouldbeusedtoimpressthefarmerboysf ...

tionbuildingintheearlyRepublic.Inthiscase,theapplicabilityofGermanmili- taryknowledgehadreachedalimit. CriticalTurkishresponsest ...

TurkishGeneralStaffandcontainedinfanteristiclessonsfromtheWorldWar fromtheGermanKriegskunstperiodical.²⁷⁶Eachcombatsituationwasa ...

Itwaspublishedatatime,whentheTurkisharmyhadalreadybeguntopro- ducesuchinstructionmanualsforpotentialcombatsituations,includingth ...

TheTurkishartilleryhadtogainmobilitytoguaranteeaflexibledefenseof ThraceandtheAnatolianmainland.Oneofthefirstmajorstudiesonthede ...

structureofGermanarmytrainingandeducation,butwealsoneedtoexamineit inmoredepthforourarmy.”²⁸⁶ Forthispurpose,amongotherbooks,the ...

oftheyears.”²⁹³SinceBaküwasinterestedinhiringaGermancavalryinstructor fortheTurkisharmyandwantedtosendtwoTurkishcavalryofficerst ...

armoredvehicles,withthisbranchofarmsineverycombataspect,wewillemergevicto- riouswithhistoricalsignificance.”²⁹⁷ TheContemporaryA ...

armyhadconcentratedonthedevelopmentofmobileunitssincetheearly1 92 0s. Eventhoughtheabolishmentofthecavalrywasfrequentlydebatedin ...

fromtheFirstWorldWar,eventhoughtheworthofanarmoredspearheadwas acknowledged:“HadtheGermansdeployedamechanizedcavalrybrigadeatthe ...

T6andT7artillerytowingtractors.³¹⁰MostoftheTurkishunitshadnotmore thanoneortwotrucks:“Eventhoughweweredesignatedasa‘motorizedant ...

ofThrace.³¹⁷CaptainTahsinbecamethefirstcommanderofthiscombinedcav- alry-tankunitaccordingtotheFrenchschoolofthought,therebytakin ...

ItseemsthattheGermaninstructorsdidnotrevealalloftheirnewlydeveloped tacticsbecauseafuturealliancewasstilluncertain.³²³ Duringthe ...

Epiloge:LessonsLearned, 1939 – 1944/194 5 FortheGermandiplomatsTurkeywasanenthusiasticcoalitionpartner,asthe Germanambassadornot ...