The Afghanistan Wars - William Maley

overthrow of the Shah of Iran. As one commentator has observed, ‘He developed a “saviour” or “messiah” complex and ruled the cou ...

influence on young Afghans who had never known normal family lives in Afghanistan and were disconnected from the channels of soc ...

trauma (Saikal and Maley, 1986: 13–17). Although Pakistan was not a party to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refug ...

to the present: figures cited by Rizvi suggest that the Punjab pro- vides 65 per cent of the officer corps (Rizvi, 2000: 240). Z ...

Afghan combatants, became an extremely substantial one. However, it was anything but neutral, and Pakistan’s urge to play favour ...

not mean that those parties which Pakistan was prepared to toler- ate were representative of Afghan anti-communist forces in gen ...

developed such criteria. But given the patent anti-Americanism of figures such as Hekmatyar, it boggles the mind that key Americ ...

9 January 1980, the Security Council adopted Resolution 462 by which – without explicitly mentioned the Uniting for Peace Resolu ...

during the short interval between the Security Council meeting and the convening of the UNGA Emergency Special Session’ (Khan, 1 ...

seems to have weighed all too lightly on policy circles in Washington (Maley, 2000a: 6). Once the invasion occurred, President C ...

Enfield rifles arrived by 10 January 1980 (Cogan, 1993: 76). As time passed, a sophisticated weapons pipeline developed, with eq ...

The USA was the principal backer of the resistance in financial terms. However, other states provided support in diverse ways. T ...

than one might at first glance have thought. One consideration was undoubtedly the need to support Muslims under attack by athei ...

assistance and more overt political and military support. The World Muslim League (Rabitat al-Alam al-Islami) was one of the mos ...

both to refugees in Pakistan, and communities in Afghanistan itself. Initial efforts were of varying quality: in one spectacular ...

4 The Karmal Period, 1979–1986 The Soviet–Afghan War fell into a number of distinct phases. In the most detailed study of the rh ...

Gorbachev marked the beginning of the end. It certainly did for Karmal, even though Gorbachev’s rise initially led to a major es ...

occurred even beforethe Soviet invasion, as a result of aerial bom- bardments, but the two years following the invasion also wit ...

Kandahar area was the centre of activity of one of the most notable Durrani Pushtun commanders, namely Haji Abdul Latif; it was ...

Western Afghanistan Given how remote the Sunni Mujahideen in Herat were from sup- plies channelled through Pakistan, and how unp ...