The Afghanistan Wars - William Maley

as a Wahhabi backed by Saudi Arabia. The list of members was reportedly drawn up by Hamid Gul (Rubin, 1995a: 249), and there is ...

Court’, Hekmatyar as ‘Defence Minister’ and Rabbani as ‘Foreign Minister’. However, Muhammadi then used a procedural device to o ...

United States formally closed its Embassy. It was not to reopen until December 2001, and the empty buildings in the Embassy comp ...

7 Consequences of the Soviet–Afghan War The completion of the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan was not a moment of rapturous j ...

EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON AFGHANISTAN The civilian population The effects of the war on the civilian population were horrendous. Whi ...

can fuel a cycle of conflict in war-torn societies, since it is often easier to train unskilled youths to fight than to farm. In ...

Infrastructural assets were sometimes targeted directly, and in other cases decayed through lack of necessary maintenance. Mud-b ...

ply. Similarly, official data supplied by the Kabul regime to international agencies were no more reliable than data produced by ...

Democracy period, but Daoud’s coup undermined these achieve- ments, and the April 1978 coup contaminated the institutions of the ...

many of whom Massoud was a heroic and inspirational leader) and Hazaras (who to an unusual extent enjoyed a degree of insulation ...

the commitment. (In downtown Moscow in early 1989, I was pre- sented with a mimeographed collection of poems by an afganets whic ...

tives, but usually defend themselves on different bases, either in terms of intraparty devices for consultation (‘democratic cen ...

such prudential calculations. In Poland in December 1981, this actually prompted a pre-emptive strike against the Solidarity tra ...

in Vietnam and the Soviet experience in Afghanistan could stand up. When the USA left Saigon in 1975, the image of a helicopter ...

political significance, war has no worthy moral, intellectual or social meaning. Without politics, war is simply murder on an ag ...

A new leader with unorthodox views, economic weakness, an intellectually impoverished ideology, rifts in ‘world communism’, and ...

1992; Lepingwell, 1992). In part this may have reflected a height- ened constitutional consciousness within the military, or a r ...

support. Henry S. Bradsher’s cruel description of it as a party of ‘teahouse political talk’ (Bradsher, 1987: 339) perfectly enc ...

8 The Interregnum of Najibullah, 1989–1992 Few observers expected Najibullah’s regime to last for very long after the Soviet wit ...

collapse of his regime at that point. The chapter is divided into four parts. In the first, I discuss the mechanisms which Najib ...