The Afghanistan Wars - William Maley

the influence of schools of religious thought – modernist, radical, or ultraconservative – which have flourished elsewhere in th ...

der relations in Afghanistan is illuminating. On the contrary, Afghan women have historically shown considerable skill and cre- ...

Muhammad set up a system of tax farming in which his sons played a central role, and expanded the territories under his control ...

replacement Nadir Shah, King from 1929–33, and Nadir’s son Zahir, who succeeded his father upon Nadir’s assassination in Novembe ...

the commanding heights, the ‘pinnacle of the state’ where the ‘top executive leadership’ is to be found (Migdal, 1994: 16). As t ...

prosperity without justice’ (cited in Springborg, 1992: 264). Unfortunately, the need to deliver justice can be short-circuited ...

when excesses are committed’ (Kakar, 1978: 200). Similar prob- lems existed at the levels of the trenches and the dispersed fiel ...

sion to political authority. Bureaucracy under Daoud was no more efficient than under the King; the regime’s claims to tradition ...

dominance of a single party, a formal commitment to Marxism- Leninism, a command economy, and special relations with other commu ...

carefully controlled by the party via the nomenklaturaor ‘list’ sys- tem (Harasymiw, 1969). Competing parties did not exist, and ...

direct competition with the Western powers, notably Europe, East Asia, and – to the extent that the Middle East attracted Soviet ...

Following an arms shipment in 1955 from Moscow’s Warsaw Pact satellite Czechoslovakia, the USSR in July 1956 agreed to a loan of ...

of sorts would surely have taken shape in Afghanistan. But at key points, the history of the movement which did develop was crit ...

Daoud, while prepared to use Parchamfor his own purposes, was first and foremost a nationalist. This lay at the heart of a spec- ...

vydvizhentsy survived the Stalin period to dominate the three decades after his death. This became even more pronounced fol- low ...

the Soviet leadership as a ‘self-stabilizing oligarchy’ (Rigby, 1970), and this lay at the heart of its weakness. Promotion with ...

launched a crackdown against PDPA elements, which in turn led directly to the 27 April coup. The coup leaders dubbed their seizu ...

(noted by Harrison, 1979: C5) that the Soviet Union organised the coup, no credible direct evidence has surfaced to support this ...

President Taraki and Ambassador Puzanov on 18 June 1978, Karmal warned that for the sake of ‘unity’ in Amin’s sense of the term, ...

needed a cohesive and legitimate state bureaucracy, as well as a groundswell of support for their ideas. They lacked both. Their ...