Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

CHAPTER 15 The Respiratory System 343 New Terminology Alveoli (al-VEE-oh-lye) Bronchial tree (BRONG-kee-uhl TREE) Epiglottis (ep ...

Sometimes a person will describe a habit as being “as natural as breathing.” Indeed, what could be more natural? We rarely think ...

of the eustachian tubes is to permit air to enter or leave the middle ears, allowing the eardrums to vibrate properly. The nasop ...

the adenoid and the lingual tonsils on the base of the tongue, they form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx to destro ...

rib cage. The base of each lung rests on the diaphragm below; the apex (superior tip) is at the level of the clav- icle. On the ...

the nervous system and the respiratory muscles. The respiratory centers are located in the medulla and pons. Their specific func ...

With respect to breathing, three types of pressure are important: 1.Atmospheric pressure—the pressure of the air around us. At s ...

350 The Respiratory System Figure 15–5. (A) Alveolar structure showing type I and type II cells, and alveolar macrophages. The r ...

We can, however, go beyond a normal exhalation and expel more air, such as when talking, singing, or blowing up a balloon. Such ...

BOX15–3 PNEUMOTHORAX trauma, may result from rupture of weakened alve- oli on the lung surface. Pulmonary diseases such as emphy ...

1.Tidal volume—the amount of air involved in one normal inhalation and exhalation. The average tidal volume is 500 mL, but many ...

ventilation, which is the amount of air that actually reaches the alveoli and participates in gas exchange. An average tidal vol ...

of a gas, measured in mmHg, is the pressure it exerts within a mixture of gases, whether the mixture is actu- ally in a gaseous ...

The oxygen–hemoglobin bond is formed in the lungs where PO 2 is high. This bond, however, is rela- tively unstable, and when blo ...

The Respiratory System 357 BOX15–8 CARBON MONOXIDE light skin as cyanosis, a bluish cast to the skin, lips, and nail beds. This ...

Carbon dioxide transport is a little more compli- cated. Some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the plasma, and some is carried by ...

Hiccups, also a reflex, are spasms of the diaphragm. The result is a quick inhalation that is stopped when the glottis snaps shu ...

torsthat detect changes in blood gases and pH are located in the carotid and aortic bodies and in the medulla itself. A decrease ...

dioxide in these fluids. Remember that CO 2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ), which ion- izes into H+ions and ...

SUMMARY As you have learned, respiration is much more than the simple mechanical actions of breathing. Inhalation provides the b ...