Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

macrophages that phagocytize old RBCs) and in the lymph nodes. They phagocytize pathogens that circu- late in blood or lymph thr ...

and platelets are involved in each. Two of these mech- anisms are shown in Fig. 11–6. 1.Vascular spasm—when a large vessel such ...

3.Chemical clotting—The stimulus for clotting is a rough surface within a vessel, or a break in the ves- sel, which also creates ...

prothrombin, and that is also true. The stages of clot- ting may be called a cascade, where one leads to the next, as inevitable ...

Blood 267 Factors 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Platelet factors Chemicals from damaged tissue Calcium ions Prothrombin activator Proth ...

and if it were inside a vessel it would stimulate more and unnecessary clotting, which might eventually obstruct blood flow. Pre ...

Plasma—the liquid portion of blood 91% water. Plasma transports nutrients, wastes, hormones, antibodies, and CO 2 as HCO 3 –. P ...

Platelet plugs—rupture of a capillary creates a rough surface to which platelets stick and form a barrier over the break. Chemi ...

Explain why type ABblood may be called the “universal recipient” for blood transfusions. Explain why this would not be true if ...

272 CHAPTER 12 Chapter Outline Location and Pericardial Membranes Chambers—Vessels and Valves Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ven ...

CHAPTER 12 The Heart 273 New Terminology Aorta (ay-OR-tah) Atrium (AY-tree-um) Cardiac cycle (KAR-dee-yak SIGH-kuhl) Cardiac out ...

In the embryo, the heart begins to beat at 4 weeks of age, even before its nerve supply has been established. If a person lives ...

The upper chambers of the heart are the right and left atria(singular: atrium), which have relatively thin walls and are separat ...

276 The Heart Brachiocephalic (trunk) artery Superior vena cava Right pulmonary artery Right atrium Right coronary artery Inferi ...

of the valve flaps and keeps the valve openings from stretching. It also separates the myocardium of the atria and ventricles an ...

veins, which empty blood into a large coronary sinus that returns blood to the right atrium. The purpose of the coronary vessels ...

The Heart 279 Ve ntric ular dias tole 0 .5 se c Atrial s (^0) .1 seystole c Most atrial blood flows passively into ventricles Re ...

280 The Heart BOX12–1 CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Other predisposing factors for atherosclerosis include cigarette smoking, diabetes ...

Recall that the fibrous skeleton of the heart sepa- rates the atrial myocardium from the ventricular myocardium; the fibrous con ...

bundle branches, impulses travel along Purkinje fibersto the rest of the ventricular myocardium and bring about ventricular syst ...