Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

leaves through one or two efferent vessels (Fig. 14–4). As lymph passes through a lymph node, bacteria and other foreign materia ...

You may be familiar with the expression “swollen glands,” as when a child has a strep throat (an inflam- mation of the pharynx c ...

The Lymphatic System and Immunity 325 Cervical nodes Submaxillary nodes Left subclavian vein Thoracic duct Axillary nodes Cister ...

The stem cells of the thymus produce T lympho- cytes or T cells; their functions are discussed in the next section. Thymic hormo ...

protection provided by the vaccine may be incom- plete. IMMUNITY Immunitymay be defined as the ability to destroy pathogens or o ...

ciliated epithelium of the upper respiratory tract is an especially effective barrier. Dust and pathogens are trapped on the muc ...

The Lymphatic System and Immunity 329 Integumentary system Mucous membranes and lysozyme Langerhans cells Phagocytes Natural ...

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY To adapt means to become suitable, and adaptive immunity can become “suitable” for and respond to almost any f ...

The Lymphatic System and Immunity 331 331 Produces cytokines to attract macrophages Chemically destroys foreign cells Memory T c ...

332 The Lymphatic System and Immunity initiate a rapid response upon a second exposure. Other B cells become plasma cellsthat pr ...

produced is specific for only one antigen. Because there are so many different pathogens, you might think that the immune system ...

is now “labeled” for phagocytosis by macrophages or neutrophils. The antigen–antibody complex also stim- ulates the process of c ...

The Lymphatic System and Immunity 335 Primary and secondary antibody responses Antibody level First exposure to antigen Second e ...

cause disease in certain host species but not in others. Dogs and cats, for example, have genetic immunity to the measles virus, ...

AGING AND THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM The aging of the lymphatic system is apparent in the decreased efficiency of immune responses. El ...

SUMMARY The preceding discussions of immunity will give you a small idea of the complexity of the body’s defense sys- tem. Howev ...

phagocytize pathogens and old RBCs; bilirubin is formed and sent to the liver for excretion in bile stores platelets and destro ...

B cells and helper T cells recognize the foreign antigen; the B cells are antigen specific and begin to divide. Memory B cells ...

Explain the difference between the following: (pp. 336–337) a. Genetic immunity and acquired immunity b. Passive acquired immun ...

342 CHAPTER 15 Chapter Outline Divisions of the Respiratory System Nose and Nasal Cavities Pharynx Larynx Trachea and Bronchial ...