Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

423 Bowman's capsule (inner layer) Bowman's capsule (outer layer) Efferent arteriole Juxtaglomerular cells Afferent arteriole Co ...

of the efferent arteriole is smaller than that of the afferent arteriole, which helps maintain a fairly high blood pressure in t ...

may be altered if the rate of blood flow through the kidney changes. If blood flow increases, the GFR increases, and more filtra ...

426 The Urinary System Proximal convoluted tubule H 2 O Glucose Amino acids Small proteins Minerals Wastes Bowman's capsule Glom ...

blood glucose level), the tubules will reabsorb all of the glucose, and none will be found in the urine. What happens is this: T ...

plasma, dissolved materials, and small proteins into Bowman’s capsules; the fluid is now called renal filtrate. Tubular reabsor ...

peritubular capillaries, HCO 3  ions follow. Notice what has happened: Two Hions have been excreted in urine, and two Naions ...

A normal blood pressure is essential to normal body functioning. Perhaps the most serious change is a sudden, drastic decrease i ...

ELIMINATION OF URINE The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra do not change the composition or amount of urine, but are respons ...

CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE The characteristics of urine include the physical and chemical aspects that are often evaluated as part ...

diarrhea will decrease urinary output (oliguria) to conserve body water. Excessive fluid intake will increase urinary output (po ...

434 The Urinary System Table 18–3 CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL URINE Characteristic Description Amount Color Specific gravity pH Co ...

centrating ability. The glomerular filtration rate also decreases, partly as a consequence of arteriosclerosis and diminished re ...

tubule that encloses the glomerulus; inner layer is made of podocytes, has pores, and is very per- meable; contains renal filtra ...

Detrusor muscle—the smooth muscle layer, a spherical muscle; contracts to expel urine (reflex). Internal urethral sphincter—inv ...

The functioning of the kidneys may be likened to cleaning your room by throwing everything out the window, then going outside t ...

CHAPTER 19 Fluid–Electrolyte and Acid–Base Balance 439 ...

440 CHAPTER 19 M Chapter Outline Water Compartments Water Intake and Output Regulation of Water Intake and Output Electrolytes E ...

Fluid–Electrolyte and Acid–Base Balance 441 New Terminology Amine group (ah-MEEN) Anions (AN-eye-ons) Carboxyl group (kar-BAHK-s ...

People are watery creatures. More precisely, we are salt-watery creatures, though not as salty as the oceans. Water, the fluid m ...