Medical Microbiology

194 3 GeneralBacteriology Table3. 4 Continued:FrequentlyUsedAnti-InfectiveAgents Class/activesubstance Remarks meropenem Likeimi ...

ThePrinciplesofAntibioticTherapy 195 BasicChemicalStructuresoftheMostImportantAnti-infectives a Betalactam antibiotics Penicilli ...

196 3 GeneralBacteriology SpectrumofAction........................................ Eachanti-infectiveagenthasacertainspectrumofa ...

ThePrinciplesofAntibioticTherapy 197 MechanismsofAction..................................... Table3. 5 providesaconcisesummaryof ...

198 3 GeneralBacteriology Table3. 5 MechanismsofActionoftheMostImportantAnti-InfectiveAgents Substancegroup Mechanism,activitysi ...

ThePrinciplesofAntibioticTherapy 199 DetailsoftheMechanismsofActionofAnti-InfectiveAgents Sulfonamidesandtrimethoprim Tetrahydro ...

200 3 GeneralBacteriology Pharmacokinetics.......................................... Pharmacokineticscoverstheprinciplesofabsorp ...

ThePrinciplesofAntibioticTherapy 201 TheProblemofResistance................................ Definitions......................... ...

202 3 GeneralBacteriology anti-infectiveagentsfora“calculatedantibiotictherapy”canbeselected evenbeforetheresistancetestresultsa ...

ThePrinciplesofAntibioticTherapy 203 &Increasedefflux.Activetransportofanti-infectiveagentsfrominsideto outsidebymeansofeffl ...

204 3 GeneralBacteriology ResistanceTests........................................ Twostandardtestsystemsareusedtodeterminethein- ...

ThePrinciplesofAntibioticTherapy 205 etc.).Theinterpretationalsotakesintoaccountclinicalexperiencegained fromtherapyofinfections ...

206 3 GeneralBacteriology dividualsubstancesinacombinationtherapyareadministeredseparately. Severaldifferentobjectivescanbepursu ...

LaboratoryDiagnosis 207 withmeningococcicarriers,beforesurgeryinvolvingmassivebacterialcon- tamination,inheavilyimmunocompromise ...

208 3 GeneralBacteriology Preconditions,GeneralMethods,Evaluation............. Preconditions.................................... ...

LaboratoryDiagnosis 209 Materialfromtherespiratorytract: — Swabsmearfromtonsils. — Sinusflushingfluid. — Pulmonarysecretion.Expe ...

210 3 GeneralBacteriology Materialfromtheurogenitaltract: — Urine.Midstreamurineisinmostcasescontaminatedwiththefloraofthe anter ...

LaboratoryDiagnosis 211 Microscopy................................................ Bacteriaaresosmallthatamagnificationof 1000 ! ...

212 3 GeneralBacteriology iodinecomplex.Inoldculturesinwhichautolyticenzymeshavebegunto breakdownthecellwalls,Gram-positivecells ...

LaboratoryDiagnosis 213 FractionatedInoculationofNutrientAgar Fig.3. 33 Isolated colo- niesareobtainedbymeans offractionatedinoc ...