Encyclopedia of Islam

involved in revelation, the Quran and the earlier revelations of the Torah, Psalms, and the gospel are all believed to be earthl ...

the wider community of their devotees. One of the most prominent Sufi visionaries who claimed to have such revelations was ibn a ...

and edUcation reforms, mandated a Western dress code, and abolished the wearing of the veil. He created a strong central governm ...

practices as un-Islamic innovations. Nevertheless, they are still conducted among some Rifai groups today. See also ahl al-bayt; ...

Shams-i Tabriz, dedicated to Shams al-Din Tabrizi and totaling over 35,000 lines of poetry, and a col- lection of rhymed couplet ...

identities that come with being Asian in London. The main character is Gibreel Farishta (which translates from Urdu as “the Ange ...

2001); Michael M. J. Fischer and Mehdi Abedi, Debat- ing Muslims: Cultural Dialogues in Postmodernity and Tradition (Madison: Un ...

597 J:AF sacrifice See id al-adha. sadaqa See almsgiving. al-Sadat, Muhammad Anwar (1919– 1981) president of Egypt from 1970 to ...

with arrests totaling nearly 1,600. These purges added fuel to the fire, and, on October 6, Sadat was assassinated in cairo duri ...

to whether the saints are known by their closeness to God or their power, the saints in fact should be understood to be very spe ...

Muslims were ever to become modern, which most Muslims agree is a necessity. In the salaFism move- ment, especially during the t ...

Saladin on many occasions, Saladin always refused, stating: “Kings meet together only after the conclu- sion of an accord, for i ...

Salafis are also vehemently opposed to shiism, as well as Sufism. These two branches of Salafism, the modernist and the Wahhabis ...

Oxford University Press, 2002); Madawi al-Rasheed, Contesting the Saudi State: Islamic Voices from a New Generation (Cambridge: ...

version of it can be found in pre-Islamic writings that circulated among Middle Eastern Jews and Christians after the first cent ...

with the prayer formula, “I seek refuge in God from the reviled Satan,” followed by the basmala. The word “reviled” (rajim) lite ...

sparked a controversy of global proportions. It aggravated relations between Muslims and non- Muslims, as well as between pious ...

Mecca. By the time of his death in 632, an Islamic empire was in its first stages of development, with its center in Medina. How ...

made it possible to project its influence and conser- vative Islamic doctrines around the world. During the cold war years, Saud ...

say See hajj; umra. sayyid (seyyed) One of the most important titles of honor given to a man in a Muslim society is that of sayy ...