Encyclopedia of Islam

Turkmenistan. Many of the Iranian immigrants in North America and eUrope also continue to speak Persian. Persian is classified a ...

roots, thus became the language of “high” Persian- ate culture in Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and later in Ottoman Turkey a ...

and member of the chishti sUFi order. He was a composer of ghazals and was inspired by the stories of the Shahnamah and Nizami’s ...

the north. The population of the Philippines is 96 million (2008 estimate), roughly 81 percent of whom are Roman Catholic, about ...

rules for legal reasoning in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), as well as quranic exegesis (tafsir). And whatever their polemical po ...

antagonism between the philosophical heritage of the Greeks and God’s revelations. Al-Kindi’s conclusion, however, found few adh ...

pir See shaykh. politics and Islam In the medieval period the religious establishment of Sunni Islam had for the most part come ...

regimes. It is important to remember, however, that resorting to violence is in many ways a direct result of being cut off from ...

imam (prayer leader). Although all prayer times are considered obligatory, attending the Friday (jumaa) noon prayer time is cons ...

encouraged using the joints of the fingers to count recitations, though using pebbles and knots in a string are also mentioned a ...

nor is she a law-bringer. There is a history of theo- logical debate about her status, and the question of the possibility of a ...

between earth and heaven, signaling their revela- tory function. The color green has long been asso- ciated with Muhammad’s fami ...

behavior recommended in the qUran and sUnna. For example, quranic verses 24:30–31 call upon men and women to “lower their gaze” ...

563 J:AF Qadari School See mutazili school; theology. qadi See crime and punishment; fiqh; sharia. Qadiri Sufi Order The Qadiri ...

there they established branches in Anatolia and southeastern Europe. In 1925 the new republican government of Mustafa Kemal atat ...

had set up a training camp in Afghanistan during the war against the Soviets, dreamed of creating an Islamic state, but their ho ...

by coordinated suicide bombings (seen as an al- Qaida trademark) against the American embas- sies in Kenya and Tanzania in Augus ...

York: W.W. Norton, 2004); Osama bin Laden, Mes- sages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden, edited by Bruce Lawrence ...

qawwali group has a lead singer, a few back-up singers, a harmonium player, a tabla player, and a chorus of men singing and clap ...

Jerusalem. In a parallel manner, Christian churches were built with the altar on the eastern side, ori- ented toward the rising ...