Encyclopedia of Islam

Hindu tribal confederacy in the Deccan. Over the course of Aurangzeb’s long reign, uprisings were common; his sons were all impr ...

in the Quran (Q 33:40) as the Seal of the Prophets (khatam al-nabiyyin), which, according to Islamic belief, means that he is th ...

erupted when the leading tribes of Mecca fell into a dispute when rebuilding the Kaaba about who would place the sacred black st ...

(d. 644) and Uthman ibn aFFan (d. 656). These four men were to become the first four caliphs, or successors to Muhammad, after h ...

extermination of Banu Qurayza males because some of them conspired with the Quraysh against Muhammad. The Muslims and the Qurays ...

with the doctrine of the perFect man, the first thing God created, and his last messenger, who mediated between himself and his ...

(Reading, England: Garnet Publishing, 1998); F. E. Peters, Muhammad and the Origins of Islam (Albany: State University of New Yo ...

of both independence and kingship by retaining responsibility for communications and for defense of Egypt as well as foreign aff ...

Muharram The month in which the Shia celebrate the death of the third imam, hUsayn ibn ali ibn abi talib. The first month in the ...

Such activity has dramatically increased since the mid-1970s. Mujahidin groups led Afghan resis- tance to the Soviet invasion du ...

in Iraq. French security agents raided MEK prop- erties in France in 2003, fearing that the organiza- tion was attempting to set ...

1985); Joseph Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law (Oxford: Clarendon, 1964); Linda Walbridge, The Most Learned of the Shi’a ...

munafiqun See hypocrites. murid This is an aspirant or disciple associated with a Sufi order, who has sworn allegiance to a Sufi ...

sion disputes that threatened to divide the order. This fact, coupled with their economic prosperity, emphasis upon the discipli ...

transmission, which included all of the former murshids of that particular order back to the initial founder, and sometimes as f ...

very musical and follow traditional theoretical models of music theory. In particular, the orna- mental style (tajwid) of Qurani ...

Muslim See islam. Muslim Brotherhood (Arabic: al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun; also known as the Society of Muslim Brothers) The first mod ...

was established in the 1940s, although this was not as successful as the Brotherhood in recruiting members. An independent Syria ...

Brotherhood now favored implementing Islamic law through peaceful participation in the politi- cal process, more radical Islamis ...

ati, is a practicing physician and founder of the Muslim Women’s League. Both are active MPAC leaders, American citizens, and sp ...