Encyclopedia of Islam

According to the hadith, prayer and performing good deeds on this night will win God’s forgive- ness for past sins. Many Muslims ...

Further reading: Nizam al-Din Awliya, Morals for the Heart. Recorded by Amir Hasan Sijzi and translated by Bruce Lawrence (New Y ...

532 J:AF oil When the first oil well was drilled in 1859 in Titusville, Pennsylvania, oil, which is also called petroleum, was u ...

After the 1973 Arab-Israeli war, the main oil- producing states found themselves with revenues vast enough to assure them a clea ...

include Qatar, indonesia, libya, the United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, and algeria. Today the OPEC countries account for 40 percent ...

tions such as the United Nations and the Arab League. Although newly decolonized Muslim countries had long been aware of the pan ...

Orientalism The study of the East (“the Orient”), especially the “Islamic East,” by European and American scholars during the 19 ...

uting these defects to Islam or race. Although there were exceptions, as a group they wanted to clearly differentiate their own ...

other areas of study, including postcolonial stud- ies, literary criticism, gender studies, film studies, and ethnic studies. Se ...

between the 14th and 20th centuries. It takes its name from Osman (also spelled Uthman, r. 1281– 1326), a warrior who led a Turk ...

as Nusayris) and Twelve-Imam Shii religious authorities in southern iraq, particularly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Ano ...

541 J:AF painting See art; calligraphy. Pakistan (Official name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan; Urdu/Persian: Land of the Pure, a ...

that the constitution of Pakistan would be based on democratic and Islamic principles. This paved the way for the 1956 Constitut ...

Arabs constituted a majority in Palestine from the seventh century c.e., and, with the excep- tion of the Crusader era (11th–13t ...

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) The Palestine Liberation Organization is the national liberation movement of the Palesti ...

would compel Israel to abide by the terms of the West Bank and Gaza withdrawal clauses. As the terms of the Oslo Accords were ne ...

Russia in World War I, but, by so doing, it fueled efforts by France and Britain to break up its empire after the war. They want ...

tors debated whether or not they would actually be able to see him. hadith literature describes paradise as having eight gates, ...

al-nabi), as well as “May blessing and peace be upon him” (alayhi al-salat wal-salam). Invoking blessing and peace upon Muhammad ...

The designation of non-Muslims as People of the Book has experienced a revival in recent decades. Progressive and modern-minded ...