Encyclopedia of Islam

Syria with an abundance of military and economic aid for its role as a confrontation state with Israel. Syria maintained an hist ...

651 J:AF taawiz See amulets and talismans. taaziya See ashura; muharram. Tablighi Jamaat The Tablighi Jamaat is a transnational ...

Further reading: Gilles Kepel. “Foi et pratique: Tab- lighi Jama’at in France.” In Travellers in Faith, edited by Muhammad Khali ...

also developed their own exegetical traditions, based on the authority of their Imams. Shii com- mentaries pointed out hidden an ...

al-Zamakhshari’s Al-Kashshaf an haqaiq al-tanzil wa uyun al-aqawil fi wujuh al-tawil (The Unveiler of the Subtle Truths of Revel ...

today, reflecting continuity with the past. Those of al-Tabari, Ibn Kathir, the two Jalals, and al-Bay- dawi are especially popu ...

A long list of contemporary Muslim scholars have proposed new approaches to relating the Quran to modern life and have taken up ...

stUdent from Asyut and a mUslim brotherhood activist, al-Takfir wa’l-Hijra formed out of the prison debates that divided Islamis ...

of Mullah Muhammad Umar (b. ca. 1959), the Taliban government, known as the Islamic Emir- ate of Afghanistan, became a brutal re ...

country. Bin Ladin, who had helped the Afghan mujahidin fight the Soviets in the 1980s, returned there with his family and follo ...

through Persia into Turkey. One of his great vic- tories was over his fellow Muslims, the Ottomans, at Ankara in 1402. Tamerlane ...

1971 and, the following year, he founded the first of several organizations to pursue his approach to Islamic renewal, including ...

kind of patriotism known as Ottomanism. The edict also included some limitations on the arbi- trary powers of the sultan. This d ...

Five pillars of Islam) with a sense of iman and taqwa, since without these spiritual and psycho- logical characteristics, the pe ...

but some scholars such as Carl Ernst cast doubt upon the veracity of tariqa missionary activities. Although Sufism was originall ...

monotheistic theology was that of the Mutazila, who called themselves the People of Justice (adl) and Divine Unity (tawhid). The ...

unity based on reason to argue against traditional ways of thought and demonstrate the compat- ibility of what he thought of as ...

Press, 1975); J. Spencer Trimingham, The Sufi Orders in Islam (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971). terrorism Terrorism is today used ...

beliefs as members of a religious community is a basic definition of theology. This subject is most commonly identified with Chr ...

evil. Prominent thinkers of the Ashari tradition include Abu Bakr al-Baqillani (d. 1013), Imam al-Haramayn al-Juwayni (d. 1085), ...