Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Abdullah al-Ahsan, Umma or Nation? Identity Crisis in Contemporary Muslim Society (Leices- ter, England: Islami ...

lims, even though the qUran declares, “Complete the umra and the hajj for God” (Q 2:196). It is thought that the umra was celebr ...

immigration law in 1965, particularly the end of the Asian Exclusion Act of 1924, increased the momentum of Muslim immigration, ...

permitted and haram/forbidden behavior (such as abstaining from alcohol and pork, both of which are endemic to many work and soc ...

in the same behavior may bring shame on not only themselves but also their families. African-American Muslims, although not sep- ...

lim communities have sometimes been strained to the extent that African-American Muslims have formed their own movements or mosq ...

University Press, 2005, and E-book); Yvonne Y. Haddad and Jane I. Smith, eds., Muslim Communities in North America (Albany: Stat ...

Colleges (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981); Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islamic Science (London: World of Islam Festival Pu ...

student. It was there, when he was 15 years old, that he experienced a religious and political awak- ening. The school boasted a ...

York: Free Press, 2006); Steve Coll, The Bin Ladens: An Arabian Family in the American Century (New York: Penguin Press, 2008); ...

Usman Dan Fodio (Uthman ibn Fudi) (1754–1817) religious reformer and founder of the Sokoto Caliphate in northeastern Nigeria Bor ...

home. A civil war erupted over who should suc- ceed him as caliph. Thus, Uthman’s death marked an important turning point in Isl ...

702 J:AF veil Veil is the most common English translation of the Arabic word hijab (a word whose many meanings also include “cov ...

Berg, 1999); Aysha Hidayatullah, “Islamic Conceptions of Sexuality.” In Sexuality and the World’s Religions, edited by David W. ...

704 J:AF Wahhabism (Arabic: Wahhabiyya) Named after its founder, mUhammad ibn abd al-Wahhab (d. 1792), Wahhabism is the most imp ...

acceptance of a Muslim’s faith on the basis only of declaration of the shahada and performance of the Five Pillars of worship, w ...

tribes that had been recently settled in villages under the supervision of the mutawwaa and Wah- habi ulama. The Ikhwan were fie ...

itself, or the sainthood of a Sufi saint (wali) or a Shii imam. The form walaya is often used in Shiism as an alternative vocali ...

tomb, sacrificing animals, and leaving offerings. Pilgrims seek the saint’s blessing, intercession in fulfilling personal reques ...

Yankee Mohammedan,” Webb also spoke about Islam in private homes and at public speaking engagements around the country. Webb’s m ...