Encyclopedia of Islam

communities in many African states, sometimes leading to interfaith violence. The continent’s larg- est country, Nigeria, has be ...

the technological and economic benefits of mod- ernization. Governments, too, have been forced to make this distinction in order ...

wives and daughters and the female saints of the Islamic traditions, women have played an important theological role in Islam. W ...

with women’s education, right to vote, entering the workplace, etc.), the re-veiling movement, which began in the 1970s, has bec ...

World Muslim Congress (World Islamic Congress) The World Muslim Congress (WMC, Mutamar al-Alam al-Islami), established for the p ...

715 J:AF Yahya See john the baptist. Yathrib See medina. Yemen Since the pre-Islamic era, Yemen (al-Yaman) has been defined as t ...

which distinguished itself by the greater signifi- cance it attached to adherence of the sharia. Tribal divisions and subdivisio ...

Yunus Emre (late 13th to early 14th centuries) Turkish mystical poet Yunus Emre is perhaps the most well-known Turkish poet, not ...

718 J:AF zahir See batin; tafsir. zakat See almsgiving. Zamzam A feature of many sacred places and pilgrimage centers is the wat ...

came forth from the earth beneath her son. Some accounts say that it was the angel gabriel who actually opened the well head. In ...

ashes thrown into the Euphrates. His movement, however, did not die. Zaydi missionaries succeeded in winning con- verts in the C ...

Shii Muslims as the first Imam. Sayyida Zaynab’s brothers Hasan and Husayn met violent deaths like their father and are recogniz ...

experienced stUdent unrest and repeated demands for reform. Following Tunisian independence in 1956, the Zaytuna became part of ...

my intercession.” The high esteem in which this pilgrimage is held is also reflected in the murals painted on the houses of Egyp ...

in Pakpattan (Pakistan), Hajji Bektash and Jalal al-din rUmi in Turkey, ahmad al-badaWi in Tanta (Egypt), and Moulay Idris in Mo ...

725 bibliography K I. General reference Works and Atlases Esposito, John, ed. Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. 4 ...

K 726 Encyclopedia of Islam McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed. The Cambridge Compan- ion to the Quran. Cambridge: Cambridge University ...

Bibliography 727 J Rahman, Fazlur. Islam. 2d edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979. Renard, John. 101 Questions an ...

K 728 Encyclopedia of Islam v. Islam in the Modern World Beinen, Joel, and Joe Stork, eds. Political Islam: Essays from Middle E ...

Bibliography 729 J Bulliet, Richard W. The Case for Islamo-Christian Civilization. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006. Co ...