Medicinal Chemistry

386 6 Messenger Targets for Drug Action III Immunomodulators and their receptors The final messenger system that can be exploite ...

IMMUNOMODULATORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS 387 the body’s attack on the invading disease (e.g., a bacterial pathogen) while retaining ...

388 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY The initial distinction is between granular and agranular leukocytes, depending upon whether they contai ...

IMMUNOMODULATORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS 389 6.1.1.1 Agranular Leukocytes Lymphocytesare the most common agranular leukocyte. They a ...

390 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY Monocytes.After the lymphocyte-initiated killing is over, the resulting cellular debris is cleaned up by ...

IMMUNOMODULATORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS 391 The tissue-level (histological) defense systems are composed primarily of the skin and ...

392 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY and is heavily dependent upon the actions of cytokines—molecular messengers that coordinate the activiti ...

IMMUNOMODULATORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS 393 Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, leflunomide “Lymphocyte-specific” cytotox ...

394 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY Unlike these nonspecific agents, mycophenolate mofetil (6.4) tends to be a lymphocyte- specific cytotoxi ...

IMMUNOMODULATORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS 395 Although it is not chemically related to cyclosporine, tacrolimus (6.7) has a similar m ...

396 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY In addition to these small-molecule therapeutics, there are also several macromolecular or biological th ...

IMMUNOMODULATORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS 397 6.2.1.3 IFN-γ This glycoprotein has a molecular weight of 15,500 Da. One member of this ...

398 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 6.3 Design of Immunomodulating Drugs The design of new chemical entities to either stimulate or somehow ...

IMMUNOMODULATORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS 399 Regrettably, the receptor classification system is much more complex than this. For exa ...

400 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY division and proliferation. Growth factors are gene products that exert important roles in the regulatio ...

IMMUNOMODULATORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS 401 Neurotrophic growth factor Wound-healing growth factor Musculoskeletal growth factor ...

(Continued) Figure 6.4Drugs targeting vascular endothelial growth factor. Scheme a ...

IMMUNOMODULATORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS 403 cancer, hepatitis C, osteoporosis, diabetic foot ulcers, wound care, and muscle wasting ...

404 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY with common and overlapping clinical, cellular, and molecular features. Some of the disorders that are c ...

Selected References Immunomodulators Y. Azuma, K. Ohura (2004). Immunological modulation by lidocaine–epinephrine and prilocaine ...