Emergency Medicine

276 Orthopaedic Emergencies INJURIES TO THE SHOULDER AND UPPER ARM Fractures of the clavicle DIAGNOSIS 1 These fractures are usu ...

Orthopaedic Emergencies 277 INJURIES TO THE SHOULDER AND UPPER ARM MANAGEMENT 1 Treat minor subluxations with ice, oral analgesi ...

278 Orthopaedic Emergencies INJURIES TO THE SHOULDER AND UPPER ARM Fractures of the scapula DIAGNOSIS 1 These can be divided int ...

Orthopaedic Emergencies 279 INJURIES TO THE SHOULDER AND UPPER ARM (iii) Axillary artery damage Palpate the radial pulse. Prompt ...

280 Orthopaedic Emergencies INJURIES TO THE SHOULDER AND UPPER ARM (iii) Spaso technique (a) hold the affected arm by the wrist ...

Orthopaedic Emergencies 281 INJURIES TO THE SHOULDER AND UPPER ARM MANAGEMENT 1 Give the patient morphine 2.5–5 mg i.v. with an ...

282 Orthopaedic Emergencies INJURIES TO THE SHOULDER AND UPPER ARM 3 Remember that the elderly patient may now need social servi ...

Orthopaedic Emergencies 283 Injuries to the Elbow and Forearm Supracondylar fracture of the humerus DIAGNOSIS 1 This fracture oc ...

284 Orthopaedic Emergencies INJURIES TO THE ELBOW AND FOREARM Condylar and epicondylar fractures of the humerus DIAGNOSIS 1 The ...

Orthopaedic Emergencies 285 INJURIES TO THE ELBOW AND FOREARM (a) the capitellum epiphysis is visible by age 1 year, the medial ...

286 Orthopaedic Emergencies INJURIES TO THE ELBOW AND FOREARM 5 Perform a post-reduction X-ray and refer all cases to the orthop ...

Orthopaedic Emergencies 287 INJURIES TO THE ELBOW AND FOREARM 2 Examine for local tenderness, swelling and loss of active elbow ...

288 Orthopaedic Emergencies Injuries to the Wrist and Hand DIAGNOSIS 1 Injury is caused by direct trauma or by falling onto an o ...

Orthopaedic Emergencies 289 INJURIES TO THE WRIST AND HAND 3 X-ray demonstrates the distal radial fracture, with an associated a ...

290 Orthopaedic Emergencies INJURIES TO THE WRIST AND HAND (ii) Disimpact the fracture by firm traction on the thumb and fingers ...

Orthopaedic Emergencies 291 INJURIES TO THE WRIST AND HAND (ii) Apply pressure with the heel of the hand to reduce the distal fr ...

292 Orthopaedic Emergencies INJURIES TO THE WRIST AND HAND MANAGEMENT 1 Apply a Colles’-type plaster backslab. 2 Give the patien ...

Orthopaedic Emergencies 293 INJURIES TO THE WRIST AND HAND 3 Look for localized pain and tenderness by: (i) Compressive pressure ...

294 Orthopaedic Emergencies INJURIES TO THE WRIST AND HAND 4 Give the patient a high-arm sling and refer to the next fracture cl ...

Orthopaedic Emergencies 295 INJURIES TO THE WRIST AND HAND 2 There is loca lized tenderness from direct trauma, sometimes with a ...