Modern German Grammar: A Practical Guide, Second Edition
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I Letters and sounds Sections 1–4 provide a reference guide to the correspondences between letters and the sounds they represent ...
u Short [u], like the vowel in English ‘puli’: Pulli ([puli] ‘pullover’). Long [u:], like the vowel in English ‘tool’: Puder ([p ...
b, d These are pronounced ‘p’ and ‘t’ respectively when at the end of a word or syllable: ab ([ap] ‘away’), Rad ([ra:t] ‘wheel’) ...
‘family’). Sometimes the second of these syllables carries the main stress in the word: hygienisch ([hügie:nish] ‘hygienic’). 4. ...
II Word order Although German certainly has several strict rules on word order, the order in which words appear in a sentence do ...
Letzten Samstag gegen drei Uhr nachts starb er an einem Herzinfarkt. He died of a heart attack at about 3a.m. last Saturday. Vor ...
ach ‘oh’ das heißt ‘that is, i.e.’ im Gegenteil ‘on the contrary’ wissen Sie/weißt du ‘you know’ sehen Sie/siehst du ‘you see’ v ...
Rudi fiel auf den Boden, und Peter lachte laut. Rudi fell on the floor and Peter laughed loudly. 6.2 If the subjects of such cla ...
8 Subordinate clauses 8.1 A subordinate clause is one which requires another, main, clause to make it fully meaningful. For exam ...
Die Gäste waren schon alle da, als der Fotograf kam. The guests were already there when the the photographer arrived. Mir wird i ...
Wenn er uns wirklich hätte sehen wollen, wäre er wohl ein bißchen früher aufgestanden, oder? If he’d really wanted to see us, he ...
9 Indirect questions For direct questions see^7 (p. 12). When the interrogative adverbs (wann, wo, wie, etc.), pronouns ( 30 ...
Dieses Unternehmen, dessen Arbeiter schon öfters gestreikt haben, hat große finanzielle Probleme. This firm, whose workers have ...
(c) An indefinite neuter adjective, e.g. das Schlimmste ‘the worst thing’, das Erste ‘the first thing’, das Neue ‘the new (thing ...
11.3 Adverbs are placed between dative (also called indirect) and accusative (also known as direct) noun objects: Er warf dem Mä ...
Note also that personal pronouns come before demonstrative pronouns: 1945 war uns das noch nicht klar. In 1945 that was still no ...
Note in the third example that if stress is placed on ‘London’ the implication is that he travelled somewhere other than London. ...
15 Flexible word order and emphasis In spite of the above rules there is more flexibility to word order in German than in Englis ...
(c) The use of the dummy subject es (see 42.3g, p. 115) helps to emphasize the subject when it is this element which conveys new ...
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